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Classify microorganisins on the basis of their characteristics. Also explain their types
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Microorganisms are divided into seven types: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites ( helminths ). Each type has a characteristic cellular composition, morphology, mean of locomotion, and reproduction.
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Microorganisms are divided into seven types: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites ( helminths ). Each type has a characteristic cellular composition, morphology, mean of locomotion, and reproduction.
Phenotypic Analysis
Microorganisms can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism, or on differences in cell components.
Key Points
The relationship between the three domains ( Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota) is of central importance for understanding the origin of life. Most of the metabolic pathways are common between Archaea and Bacteria, while most genes involved in genome expression are common between Archaea and Eukarya.
Microorganisms are very diverse. They include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa; microscopic plants, and animals. Single-celled microorganisms were the first forms of life to develop on earth, approximately 3 billion–4 billion years ago.
The Gram stain characterizes bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. By combining morphology and Gram-staining, most bacteria can be classified as belonging to one of 4 groups (Gram-positive cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-negative cocci, and Gram-negative bacilli).
There are some basic differences between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes in cell morphology and structure which aid in phenotypic classification and identification.
Key Terms
Gram stain: A method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative).
microorganism: An organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, especially a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium.
domain: In the three-domain system, one of three taxa at that rank: Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukaryota.
Microorganisms are very diverse. They include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa; microscopic plants (green algae); and animals such as rotifers and planarians. Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal.
Single-celled microorganisms were the first forms of life to develop on earth, approximately 3 billion–4 billion years ago. Further evolution was slow, and for about 3 billion years in the Precambrian eon, all organisms were microscopic. So, for most of the history of life on earth the only forms of life were microorganisms. Bacteria, algae, and fungi have been identified in amber that is 220 million years old, which shows that the morphology of microorganisms has changed little since the Triassic period. When at the end of the 19th century information began to accumulate about the diversity within the bacterial world, scientists started to include the bacteria in phylogenetic schemes to explain how life on earth may have developed. Some of the early phylogenetic trees of the prokaryote world were morphology-based. Others were based on the then-current ideas on the presumed conditions on our planet at the time that life first developed.
Microorganisms tend to have a relatively rapid evolution. Most microorganisms can reproduce rapidly, and microbes such as bacteria can also freely exchange genes through conjugation, transformation, and transduction, even between widely-divergent species. This horizontal gene transfer, coupled with a high mutation rate and many other means of genetic variation, allows microorganisms to swiftly evolve (via natural selection) to survive in new environments and respond to environmental stresses.
The relationship between the three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota) is of central importance for understanding the origin of life. Most of the metabolic pathways, which comprise the majority of an organism’s genes, are common between Archaea and Bacteria, while most genes involved in genome expression are common between Archaea and Eukarya. Within prokaryotes, archaeal cell structure is most similar to that of Gram-positive bacteria.
Phenotypic Analysis
Microorganisms can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism, or on differences in cell components.
Key Points
The relationship between the three domains ( Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota) is of central importance for understanding the origin of life. Most of the metabolic pathways are common between Archaea and Bacteria, while most genes involved in genome expression are common between Archaea and Eukarya.
Microorganisms are very diverse. They include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa; microscopic plants, and animals. Single-celled microorganisms were the first forms of life to develop on earth, approximately 3 billion–4 billion years ago.
The Gram stain characterizes bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. By combining morphology and Gram-staining, most bacteria can be classified as belonging to one of 4 groups (Gram-positive cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-negative cocci, and Gram-negative bacilli).
There are some basic differences between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes in cell morphology and structure which aid in phenotypic classification and identification.
Key Terms
Gram stain: A method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative).
microorganism: An organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, especially a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium.
domain: In the three-domain system, one of three taxa at that rank: Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukaryota.
Microorganisms are very diverse. They include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa; microscopic plants (green algae); and animals such as rotifers and planarians. Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal.
Single-celled microorganisms were the first forms of life to develop on earth, approximately 3 billion–4 billion years ago. Further evolution was slow, and for about 3 billion years in the Precambrian eon, all organisms were microscopic. So, for most of the history of life on earth the only forms of life were microorganisms. Bacteria, algae, and fungi have been identified in amber that is 220 million years old, which shows that the morphology of microorganisms has changed little since the Triassic period. When at the end of the 19th century information began to accumulate about the diversity within the bacterial world, scientists started to include the bacteria in phylogenetic schemes to explain how life on earth may have developed. Some of the early phylogenetic trees of the prokaryote world were morphology-based. Others were based on the then-current ideas on the presumed conditions on our planet at the time that life first developed.
Microorganisms tend to have a relatively rapid evolution. Most microorganisms can reproduce rapidly, and microbes such as bacteria can also freely exchange genes through conjugation, transformation, and transduction, even between widely-divergent species. This horizontal gene transfer, coupled with a high mutation rate and many other means of genetic variation, allows microorganisms to swiftly evolve (via natural selection) to survive in new environments and respond to environmental stresses.
The relationship between the three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota) is of central importance for understanding the origin of life. Most of the metabolic pathways, which comprise the majority of an organism’s genes, are common between Archaea and Bacteria, while most genes involved in genome expression are common between Archaea and Eukarya. Within prokaryotes, archaeal cell structure is most similar to that of Gram-positive bacteria.
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