Question

Classify mountains on the basis of their origin. Explain each type.​

Answer 1

The types of mountains are: Fold mountains: Fold Mountains have their origins in the folds of the Earth. Some of the fold mountains are the Himalayas and Aravallis in the Indian sub-continent, Alps in Europe, Urals in Eurasia. Block mountains: These are formed when large areas are broken and uplifted to form horsts.

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Answer 2

Classification of mountains on the basis of the period of origin

• A total of nine orogenic or mountain building movements have taken place so far.
• Some of them occurred in Pre-Cambrian times between 600-3,500 million years ago.
• The three more recent orogenies are the Caledonian, Hercynian and Alpine.

1. Precambrian mountains

• They belong to the Pre-Cambrian period, a period that extended for more than 4 billion years.
• The rocks have been subjected to upheaval, denudation and metamorphosis.
• So, the remnants appear as residual mountains.Some of the examples are Laurentian mountains, Algoman mountains etc.

2. Caledonian mountains

• They originated due to the great mountain-building movements and associated tectonic movements of the late Silurian and early Devonian periods (approximately 430 million years and 380 million years ago).
• Examples are the Appalachians, Aravallis, Mahadeo etc.

3. Hercynian mountains

• These mountains originated during the upper Carboniferous to Permian Period in Europe (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years ago).
• Some examples are the mountains of Vosges and the Black Forest, Altai, Tien Shan mountains of Asia, Ural Mountains etc.

4. Alpine mountain system

• Has its origin in the Tertiary Period (65 million years to 7 million years ago)
• Examples are

the Rockies of North America, the Alpine mountains of Europe,

the Atlas Mountains of north-western Africa,

the Himalayas of the Indian subcontinent

the mountains radiating from Pamir knot like Pontic, Taurus, Elburz, Zagros and Kunlun etc.

• Being the most recently formed, these ranges, such as the Alps, Himalayas, Andes and Rockies are the loftiest with rugged terrain.