Clearance of forests for agricultural settlements
This is an excerpt from a sixteenth-century Bengali poem, Chandimangala, composed by Mukundaram Chakrabarti. The hero of the poem, Kalaketu, set up a kingdom by clearing forests:
Hearing the news, outsiders came from various lands.
Kalaketu then bought and distributed among them Heavy knives, axes, battle-axes and pikes.
From the north came the Das (people).
One hundred of them advanced. They were struck with wonder on seeing Kalaketu
Who distributed betel-nut to each of them
From the south came the harvesters
Five hundred of them under one organiser.
From the west came Zafar Mian, Together with twenty-two thousand men.
Sulaimani beads in their hands They chanted the names of their pir and paighambar (Prophet).
Having cleared the forest They established markets.
Hundreds and hundreds of foreigners
Ate and entered the forest.
Hearing the sound of the axe,
Tigers became apprehensive and ran away, roaring.
a. What forms of intrusion into the forest does the text suggest?
b. Evaluate the concept of jangli in the context of the source?
c. Analyse any two effects of foreign intrusion on the lives of forest dwellers.
Answers
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The answers to the questions are as follows:
a.) What forms of intrusion into the forest does the text suggest?
The forms of intrusion into the forest suggested by the text are as follows:
- From the north came the Das (people).
- From the south came the harvesters.
- From the west came Zafar Mian.
- Foreigners.
b. Evaluate the concept of Jangli in the context of the source?
The concept of Jangli in the context of the source means:
- Jangli referred to Forest dwellers.
- This word was used to describe those whose livelihood came from gathering forest produce.
c. Analyze any two effects of foreign intrusion on the lives of forest dwellers.
The two effects of foreign intrusion on the lives of forest dwellers are as follows:
- The spread of commercial agriculture.
- Increase of trade in forest products.