Question

close family ties is one filipino value whose negative interpretation may lead to form of corruption called?​

Answer 1

Explanation:

2

1 Introduction

Corruption is a phenomenon whose adverse social and economic effects can be wide-

ranging (e.g., Mauro 1995; Tanzi and Davoodi 1998). For this reason, the identification of

various factors that fuel corruption has held a prominent place in the research agenda of

many fields, including economics. As a result, a large body of work has indeed

pinpointed several factors that are responsible for high levels of corruption – factors that

include economic, administrative, historical, and cultural ones.1 Our study contributes to

a further understanding of the cultural sources behind high corruption, as it aims at

investigating, both theoretically and empirically, how family ties can potentially affect

the level of corruption.

Conventional wisdom would suggest that strong family ties are a fillip for corruption,

in line with Banfield’s (1958) arguments about ‘amoral familism’. Interestingly, however,

the results from existing empirical work on the link between corruption and family ties,

is rather mixed: While the study by Marè et al. (2016) finds that stronger family ties are

associated with higher levels of corruption, Ljunge (2015) reports that stronger family

ties promote civic virtues – among them, the disapproval of corruption.

In general, while the link between family ties and corruption has already attracted the

interest of empirically-oriented work, the existing literature lacks a systematic

theoretical study that explains possible mechanisms through which strong family ties

affect people’s attitudes towards corruption. The main aim of our study is to fill this gap

in the literature. From a certain perspective, our theoretical model delivers mechanisms

that explain why the effect of family ties on corruption can be ambiguous. On the one

hand, people’s desire to retain strong family ties reduces the range of high-productivity

opportunities to which they can be employed, thus tempting them to compensate for

this shortfall through the ill-gotten gains of corrupt behaviour. On the other hand,

however, the expected utility cost that emanates from the stigma attached to the

revelation of corrupt behaviour, is more pronounced for people who possess a sense of

1 This literature is very extensive and has traced several factors, such as opportunities for rents and

discretionary power (Klitgaard 1988); regulation, taxation and below market-price provision of goods (Tanzi

1988; De Soto 1989); and the level of public sector wages (Haque and Sahay 1996) among others. Treisman

(2000) explores a series of determinants that are correlated with corruption, such as legal origin and

institutions, whereas Barr and Serra (2010) emphasise the role of culture and norms.

Answer 2

Concept Introduction:-

A sentence which has a subject, verb, object, and modifiers.

Explanation:-

A question has been provided to us

We need to find the solution to the question

close family ties is one filipino value whose negative interpretation may lead to form of corruption called Nepotism. Favoritism in the form of nepotism is given to family members and friends in a variety of spheres, including business, politics, entertainment, sports, physical fitness, and other pursuits.

Final Answer:-

The correct answer is close family ties is one filipino value whose negative interpretation may lead to form of corruption called Nepotism.

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