collect the names and photographs of scientist helped for the development of cell biology .project give brief note on them
Answers
Initially discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, the cell has a rich and interesting history that has ultimately given way to many of today’s scientific advancements.
Although they are externally very different, internally, an elephant, a sunflower, and an amoeba are all made of the same building blocks. From the single cells that make up the most basic organisms to the trillions of cells that constitute the complex structure of the human body, each and every living being on Earth is comprised of cells. This idea, part of the cell theory, is one of the central tenants of biology. Cell theory also states that cells are the basic functional unit of living organisms and that all cells come from other cells. Although this knowledge is foundational today, scientists did not always know about cells.
The discovery of the cell would not have been possible if not for advancements to the microscope. Interested in learning more about the microscopic world, scientist Robert Hooke improved the design of the existing compound microscope in 1665. His microscope used three lenses and a stage light, which illuminated and enlarged the specimens. These advancements allowed Hooke to see something wondrous when he placed a piece of cork under the microscope. Hooke detailed his observations of this tiny and previously unseen world in his book, Micrographia. To him, the cork looked as if it was made of tiny pores, which he came to call “cells” because they reminded him of the cells in a monastery.
In observing the cork’s cells, Hooke noted in Micrographia that, “I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular… these pores, or cells,…were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this…”
Not long after Hooke’s discovery, Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek detected other hidden, minuscule organisms—bacteria and protozoa. It was unsurprising that van Leeuwenhoek would make such a discovery. He was a master microscope maker and perfected the design of the simple microscope (which only had a single lens), enabling it to magnify an object by around two hundred to three hundred times its original size. What van Leeuwenhoek saw with these microscopes was bacteria and protozoa, but he called these tiny creatures “animalcules.”
Van Leeuwenhoek became fascinated. He went on to be the first to observe and describe spermatozoa in 1677. He even took a look at the plaque between his teeth under the microscope. In a letter to the Royal Society, he wrote, "I then most always saw, with great wonder, that in the said matter there were many very little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving.”
In the nineteenth century, biologists began taking a closer look at both animal and plant tissues, perfecting cell theory. Scientists could readily tell that plants were completely made up of cells due to their cell wall. However, this was not so obvious for animal cells, which lack a cell wall. Many scientists believed that animals were made of “globules.”
German scientists Theodore Schwann and Mattias Schleiden studied cells of animals and plants respectively. These scientists identified key differences between the two cell types and put forth the idea that cells were the fundamental units of both plants and animals.
source : National Geographic official website..
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Question:
What is Human Genome Project ?
Answer:
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an global scientific research project aimed at determining the base pairs that make up human DNA and identifying, mapping, and sequencing every gene in the human genome physically and functionally.
Explanation:
- The primary dreams of the Human Genome Project have been first articulated in 1988 through a unique committee of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and later followed via an in depth collection of 5-yr plans together written through the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy.
- Congress funded each the NIH and the DOE to embark on in addition exploration of this concept, and the 2 authorities groups formalized an settlement through signing a Memorandum of Understanding to "coordinate studies and technical sports associated with the human genome."
- James Watson become appointed to steer the NIH component, which become dubbed the Office of Human Genome Research. The following yr, the Office of Human Genome Research advanced into the National Center for Human Genome Research.
- In 1990, the preliminary strategy planning stage become finished with the booklet of a joint studies plan, "Understanding Our Genetic Inheritance: The Human Genome Project, The First Five Years, FY 1991-1995." This preliminary studies plan set out precise dreams for the primary 5 years of what become then projected to be a 15-yr studies effort.
- HGP researchers deciphered the human genome in 3 essential ways: figuring out the order, or "sequence," of all of the bases in our genome`s DNA; making maps that display the places of genes for essential sections of all our chromosomes; and generating what are referred to as linkage maps, via which inherited traits (along with the ones for genetic disease) may be tracked over generations.
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