colonialism and anti colonial struggles in asia
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Both colonisation and empire buildingare ancient practices. Ancient Greece and Rome had both
colonies and empires though empires meant a bigger than colonies. Such colonisation
was backed by the 'home county' that, in turn, derived revenues from the colonies. In the
and the sixteenth centuriesbegan a vigorous colonisation drive of the European powers
in search of land and natural resources like gold. The continents of America and Africa fell
victim to it. Later Asia and Australia came under the spell of the drive. 'In the last half of the
SeventeenthCentury,' we are told by the British historian G.M. Trevelyan, 'England's statesmen
and merchants put a high value on her American colonies.' He writes:
'The overseas possessions were valued as fulfilling a twofold purpose. First as supplying
an appropriate outlet for the energetic, the dissident, the oppressed, the debtors, the
criminals, and the failures of old England - a sphere where the energies of men who were
too good or too bad not to be troublesome at home,,might be turned loose to the general
advantage; as yet there no pressing question of a purely economic excess of population
in England. Secondly, the colonies were valued as markets where raw materials could be
bought, and manufactured articles sold, to the advantage of industry and
commerce
the late eighteenth century, however, the thirteen British colonies in North America seceded
from the empire and, though soon they called themselves 'states', they remained coloniesall the
same. having annihilated or pushed into 'reservations' their original inhabitants. In the Portuguese
and the Spanish colonies of Latin America the process was more or less the same but there
was some mixture. The growth of what Eric Hobsbawm called 'Creole nationalism' backed by
the United Kingdom and the United States led to their secession from the respective empires
in the first quarter of the nineteenth century.
By the mid-nineteenth century, the United Kingdom emerged as the biggest colonial empire of
the world. The British Crown took over the administrationof India in 1858 the English East
India Company. Soon it granted local autonomy to her white colonies while her financial grip
over their economies remained more or less intact. Netherlands and France had colonial
possessions in South-East Asia and Africa. Even the new state of Belgium acquired a colony
in Africa's Congo. Immense rivalry for colonial possessions in Africa broke out in the last
quarter of the nineteenth century when Germany joined the race. The result,finally, was World
War 1.
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