Comment on ecolpgycal type of india
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The economies may be classified in a number of ways. A layman, for instance, may classify economies as rich and poor.
In a rich economy, the per capita income and the standard of living are very high, whereas in a poor economy like that of India, the per capita income is extremely low and the average citizen hardly gets two square meals a day.
The economies can also be classified as simple or complex. A simple economy like that of an isolated Indian village is a self-sufficient economy. All the needs of the villagers are fully satisfied in the village itself. It has no trade with the outside world.
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The requirements of the people must be very few. Each family in the village may be carrying on what is called subsistence economy, i.e., producing enough of all goods to satisfy its own wants. For a long time, the Indian farmer carried on subsistence farming, i.e., producing for the family and not for the market. The economy of a modern town or city is an example of a very complex economy. Millions of people are crowded together in a small area and there are hundreds and thousands of occupations.
There is extreme degree of specialization of products and. businesses, and no person can even dream of self- sufficiency. To be self-sufficient is considered neither desirable nor feasible. For the satisfaction of the wants of the people, millions of workers, producers and businessmen must co-operate.
Goods have to come sometimes from the farthest end of the world. Just think how many hundreds of people—producers of raw materials or paper industry, paper manufacturers, printers and the workers, the authors and the writers of hundreds of books they may have consulted, publishers’ representatives long chain of middle men and retail booksellers—must have co-operated to place this’ book in your hands. Specialisation and co-operation that it necessitates in the form of mutual exchange are the dominant characteristics of a modern economy.
In a rich economy, the per capita income and the standard of living are very high, whereas in a poor economy like that of India, the per capita income is extremely low and the average citizen hardly gets two square meals a day.
The economies can also be classified as simple or complex. A simple economy like that of an isolated Indian village is a self-sufficient economy. All the needs of the villagers are fully satisfied in the village itself. It has no trade with the outside world.
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The requirements of the people must be very few. Each family in the village may be carrying on what is called subsistence economy, i.e., producing enough of all goods to satisfy its own wants. For a long time, the Indian farmer carried on subsistence farming, i.e., producing for the family and not for the market. The economy of a modern town or city is an example of a very complex economy. Millions of people are crowded together in a small area and there are hundreds and thousands of occupations.
There is extreme degree of specialization of products and. businesses, and no person can even dream of self- sufficiency. To be self-sufficient is considered neither desirable nor feasible. For the satisfaction of the wants of the people, millions of workers, producers and businessmen must co-operate.
Goods have to come sometimes from the farthest end of the world. Just think how many hundreds of people—producers of raw materials or paper industry, paper manufacturers, printers and the workers, the authors and the writers of hundreds of books they may have consulted, publishers’ representatives long chain of middle men and retail booksellers—must have co-operated to place this’ book in your hands. Specialisation and co-operation that it necessitates in the form of mutual exchange are the dominant characteristics of a modern economy.
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In 1996 the concept of ecological footprint was created. It became a valuable index for measuring the pressure of the human beings on the biosphere. It helps to understand the amount of resources we use and the emissions we produce to support our lifestyle. The comparison between the rates obtained for each country can distinguish those who have a lighter ecological footprint, which contribute little to threaten the environmental destruction, and those who have a heavier footprint, with a strong negative impact on the sustainability of our civilization. The ecological footprint measures the pressure on natural resources due to population consumption and life style. It estimates the biologically productive area required to provide the natural resources we use in our daily life: the resources used in the house we live in, the furniture and objects, clothes, transportation that we use, what we eat, what we do at leisure and to absorb carbon dioxide emissions.
It is measured in global hectares (gha), and global hectares per capita (gha/pc). A global hectare quantifies the biocapacity and measures the average productivity of all biologically productive areas in a given year. A global hectare per capita refers to the amount of biologically productive land and water consumed per person. The United Arab Emirates (10.7 gha/pc), Qatar (10.5) and the United States (8.0) are those with heavier ecological footprint per capita, i.e., they threaten the global sustainability. An average German uses 5.1 hectares, a Brazilian, 2.9; a Chinese, 2.2. In Japan 4,7. Russia, 4.4, Portugal, 4.5, Argentina, 2.6. The average Indian has an ecological footprint of 0.9 gha/pc. The global footprint is 2.7 global hectares per capita. If the entire population of the planet adopted a lifestyle similar to the U.S., we would need four planets Earth because the biocapacity of a single planet is insufficient to sustain the demands of the population.
When the body is heavy, the footprint deeply hurts the earth. A lighter footprint is a valuable quality in a world with limited productive land and growing population. In our planet it is increasingly necessary to conserve energy and materials, reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and at the same time, to live in peace, with well-being and in a non-violent way.
It is measured in global hectares (gha), and global hectares per capita (gha/pc). A global hectare quantifies the biocapacity and measures the average productivity of all biologically productive areas in a given year. A global hectare per capita refers to the amount of biologically productive land and water consumed per person. The United Arab Emirates (10.7 gha/pc), Qatar (10.5) and the United States (8.0) are those with heavier ecological footprint per capita, i.e., they threaten the global sustainability. An average German uses 5.1 hectares, a Brazilian, 2.9; a Chinese, 2.2. In Japan 4,7. Russia, 4.4, Portugal, 4.5, Argentina, 2.6. The average Indian has an ecological footprint of 0.9 gha/pc. The global footprint is 2.7 global hectares per capita. If the entire population of the planet adopted a lifestyle similar to the U.S., we would need four planets Earth because the biocapacity of a single planet is insufficient to sustain the demands of the population.
When the body is heavy, the footprint deeply hurts the earth. A lighter footprint is a valuable quality in a world with limited productive land and growing population. In our planet it is increasingly necessary to conserve energy and materials, reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and at the same time, to live in peace, with well-being and in a non-violent way.
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