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Religious Reformation
The questioning of the authority of the catholic church and the Pope
with the rise of modernity is called as ‘Religious Reformation’. Pope started
leading a life of luxury and churches became greedy and exploited people.
Martin Luther of Germany started a huge people’s movement against
Pope and catholic church. This movement not only created division in
the Christianity, it also forced the chatholic church to contemplate and
start ‘counter reformation’ movement.
1. Many members of the Christian clergy and the Popes instead of
leading a chaste life, indulged in materialistic pleasures. Many of
them committed immoral acts. The Popes, instead of reforming
the religion, showed interest in politics. Italy’s Bocacchio, Holland’s
Erasmus and England’s John Wycliffe condemned these acts.
2. All the clergy were not scholars. They stayed away from the study
of Bible. They also became part of the misdeeds of the church.
3. Clashes during the Middle Ages between the Emperors and the
Pope, wounded the pride and self respect of the Emperors. They
supported reformation movement.
4. Nationalism grew in strength. They did not like the intervention
of Roman Catholic church or the Pope in the internal issues of
countries.
5. Scientific approach and curiosity inspired by Renaissance
made Europeans to contemplate application of these approaches
to religious problems also.
6. The church opposed the translation of the Bible which was
originally in Latin to other languages. By translating Bible to
people’s language, reformation movement reached the peopleCounter Reformation Movement
The Protestant group gained strength by spreading very rapidly.
Alarmed by this development, the Catholics saw the necessity of selfreformation
to protect their image. The arguments of Protestants were
effective in attracting the attention of the people. This incident dealt a
severe blow to the existence and survival of the Roman church. They had
to do something to protect the interests of churches. Such a necessity
gave birth to a movement called Counter-reformation. Stopping the
advance of Protestants and repairing the damage to Roman churches
were the objectives of this movement. Hence, an attempt was made to
find a suitable solution to all the problems by making internal changes
in the church.
The leader of this counter reformation was the Spanish
aristocrat called Ignatius Loyola. He founded the Jesus society in
the year 1540. Their main aim was to restore the glory and authority
of Roman Catholic church. The main objective was to impart good
education to the followers of this organization and make them to
dedicate their lives for the service of society.
“Inquisition”, a religious practice of interrogating those who
violated the dictates of the church and punishing them, came into
existence from 1542 onwards. It also stopped the Catholics from
getting converted into Protestants.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUT