Question

Compare and contrast tax farming in the Ottoman empire and the zamindar system

Answer 1

In the Ottoman Empire, Mehmet the Conqueror introduced Malikâne in the 15th century. Like "Tax Farming, a piece is leased to a third party who manages and earns a living while offering the land owner a regular income every year.

The Zamindar system was a system that naturally evolved during the Mughal period. It was similar to the Ottoman system, where local landlords owned  fragments of land  and had an inherited right to collect revenue and pay the government a fixed rent.

Under both systems the  Central Government funded the schemes and maintained a tax collection system. Inherited privileges always existed

Under both the systems, the two regimes led to patriarchal systems and a large local land ownership class that had a major impact in rural areas.

Explanation:

Tax Farming of Ottoman Empire

• Malikâne was a form of tax farming ( management of a tax  is assigned by legal contract to a 3rd party) introduced in the Ottoman empire in the year 1695.
• This was meant as an upgrade on the Iltizam scheme, under which for a single-year, the tax farmer was responsible.
• Malikâne contracts were for life; this gave the tax farmer more protection and a less exploitative relationship with peasants. Malikâne was a more secure source of revenue, from the viewpoint of the treasury.
• Auctions of local tax-farming privileges made it easier to incorporate numerous local tax-farmers into the Ottoman state and thus helped to establish a more liberal definition of private land possession.

Zamindar system in the Mughal Empire

• During the Mughal period, Zamindars were small-scale village landholders, heirs of old royal elites who held small parts of their ancestral land.
• These also include the Rajput and other chiefs in their principalities who exerted independent administrative authority.  hey had inherited rights to receive land revenue that could go up to 25 per cent of revenue.
• They generally collected from the individual peasants at custom or self-determined rates and paid the government a fixed tax. His personal gain was the difference between his earnings, and the money he paid to the tax.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Tax from the land was a major source of revenue for the kings and emperors from ancient times. But the ownership pattern of land had witnessed changes over centuries. During Kingship, the land was divided into Jagirs, Jagirs were alloted to Jagirdars, these Jagirdars split the land they got and allocated to sub-ordinate Zamindars. Zamindars made peasantscultivate the land, in return collected part of their revenue as tax.