compare and contrast the mahalwari and ryotwari Systems of revenue collection
Answers
Answer:
Holt Mackenzie devised the new system which came into effect in 1822.
The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the company was given to the village headman rather than the zamindar . This system came to be known as the mahalwari settlement.
The ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas Munro.
The revenue collected from presents and farmers work directly given to Britishers .
1.Land Revenue Systems
Permanent Settlement/Istamarari (Sthayi) Bandobast:-
➣Introduced in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and districts of?Benaras and Northern districts of Madras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
John Shore planned the Permanent Settlement.
➣It declared zamindars as the owners of the land. Hence, they could keep 1/11th of the revenue collected tomthemselves while the British got a fixed share of 10/11th of the revenue collected. The zamindars were free to fix the rents.
➣Assured of their ownership, many zamindars styed in towns (absentee landlordism) and exploited their tenants.
2.Ryotwari System:-
➣It was introduced in Bombay and Madras in 1820. Thomas Munro (Governor of Madras)and Charles Reed recommended it.
In this, a direct settlement was made between the government and the ryot (cultivator).
➣The revenue was fixed for a period not exceeding 30 years, on the basis of the quality of the soil and the nature of the crop. It was based on the scientific rent theory of Ricardo.
➣The position of the cultivator became more secure but the rigid system of revenue collection often forced him into the clutches of the moneylender.
➣Besides this, the government itself became a big zamindar and retained the right to enhance revenue at will while the cultivator was left at the mercy of its officers.
3.Mahalwari System:-
➣Modified version of zamindari settlement introduced in the Ganges valley, NWFP, parts of Central India and Punjab.
➣Revenue settlement was to made by village or estates
with landlords. In Western Uttar Pradesh, a settlement
was made with the village communities, which
maintained a form of common ownership known
as Bhaichare, or with Mahals, which were groups of
villages.
➣Revenue was periodically revised.