Compare the attempts by Non-Western Nations to modernize in response to Imperialism.
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Answer:
In the 1800s China simultaneously experiences major internal strains and Western imperialist pressure, backed by military might which China cannot match. China’s position in the world and self-image is reversed in a mere 100 year period (c.a. 1840-1940) from leading civilization to subjected and torn country.
The Japanese witness China’s experience with the military power of Western nations, and after the arrival of an American delegation in Japan in 1853, Japan is also forced to open its ports. Japan is able to adapt rapidly to match the power of the West and soon establishes itself as a competitor with the Western powers for colonial rights in Asia. In 1894-5, Japan challenges and defeats China in a war over influence in Korea, thereby upsetting the traditional international order in East Asia, where China was the supreme power and Japan a tribute-bearing subordinate power.
Through the 1700s, China’s imperial system flourishes under the Qing (Ch’ing) or Manchu dynasty. China is at the center of the world economy as Europeans and Americans seek Chinese goods.
By the late 1700s, however, the strong Chinese state is experiencing internal strains — particularly, an expanding population that taxes food supply and government control — and these strains lead to rebellions and a weakening of the central government. (The Taiping Rebellion, which lasts from 1850-1864, affects a large portion of China before being suppressed.)
Western nations are experiencing an outflow of silver bullion to China as a result of the imbalance of trade in China’s favor, and they bring opium into China as a commodity to trade to reverse the flow of silver.
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Answer:
Japan's responses to Imperialism - The Meiji Restoration. Mutsuhito realized that the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize - Sent diplomats to western to study Western ways. Believed that Western civilization had to offer and adapted it to their own country. China was sectioned off by western power.
As a result of the Boxer Rebellion, China was subjected to even greater humiliation. Overwhelmed by the Western military response, the Chinese were humiliated by having to pay reparations and allow concessions to the Western powers that effectively denied them control over their own country.
The first reason for Japan being able to modernize so quickly is that Japan has had far more contacts with the West. The Japanese first came into contact with the West actually in the 15th and 16th centuries, when Western missionaries, merchants, and explorers reached the Japanese archipelago.
Imperialism in China had a negative effect on both the economy and the well being of the chinese population through uprisings (public instability), opium, and trade disadvantages for the Chinese.