Compare the different types of revenue systems that were introduced during the British rule.
Answers
Explanation:
Land Revenue Systems in British India: Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari
Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. ... Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants. The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts.
Ryotwari system was devised by Capt. Alexander Read and Thomas (later Sir Thomas) Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor (1820–27) of Madras (now Chennai). The principle was the direct collection of the land revenue from each individual cultivator by government agents.
Mahalwari system, one of the three main revenue systems of land tenure in British India, the other two being the zamindar (landlord) and the ryotwari (individual cultivator). The word mahalwari is derived from the Hindi mahal, meaning a house or, by extension, a district.
Answer:
Land Revenue Systems in British India: Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari
FILED UNDER: INDIAN HISTORY NOTES
Land Revenue Systems in British IndiaFor UPSC, Land Revenue Systems in British India is always a hot topic for Prelims and Mains. And as per the new syllabus ‘land reforms in India’ is specifically mentioned for GS Mains, and the relevance just got multiplied. Now let’s have a quick look at the different methods of land revenue collection systems which existed in India.
Land Revenue Systems Before British Rule
Tax from the land was a major source of revenue for the kings and emperors from ancient times. But the ownership pattern of land had witnessed changes over centuries. During Kingship, land was divided into Jagirs, Jagirs were alloted to Jagirdars, these Jagirdars split the land they got and allocated to sub-ordinate Zamindars. Zamindars made peasants cultivate the land, in-return collected part of their revenue as tax.
Land Revenue Systems in British India :
Three major systems of land revenue collection existed in India. They were – Zaminidari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari.
Zamindari System
Zamindari System
Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.
It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.
Also known as Permanent Settlement System.
Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.
The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
Ryotwari System
Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.
Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.
In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.
The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
Mahalwari System
Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.
It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.
The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.
In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.
Explanation: