Compile the information about different vaccine given to children and adults against various diseases with respect to route of administration, period of protection and the necessity of booster doses
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
The immunization of an adult depends on the previous immunization received in childhood. Unlike the Pediatric Immunization Guidelines, given by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics and the National Immunization Programs,[1,2] the guidelines for vaccination in healthy adults vary from region to region.
The major guidelines are:
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[3,4,5]
WHO guidelines[6]
Association of Physicians of India – Expert panel guidelines [Tables [Tables66 and and77].[7]
Table 6
Table 6
Vaccines recommended for all healthy adults
Table 7
Table 7
Vaccines recommended in high-risk individuals
Hepatitis B vaccine
Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine is a recombinant vaccine. Plasma- derived vaccine is not used due to risk of transmission of infections.
Schedule
Primary immunization at birth: In normal individuals, the dose is 10 μg in children given intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months and a booster after 5 years. In adults, the dose is 20 μg. Booster is not needed in immunocompetent adults.[8,9,10,11]
Indications of hepatitis B vaccine in Indian adults
Adults at high risk, e.g., patients with percutaneous or mucosal exposure to blood and patients with sexual exposure should be vaccinated if not immunized in childhood. Percutaneous or mucosal exposure can occur in intravenous drug users; household contacts of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; inmates and staff of institutions for developmentally disabled persons in long-term care facilities; persons at risk for occupational exposure to HBV (such as dialysis staff, laboratory staff dealing with blood samples, blood bank staff, nurses working in intensive care units, operation theaters, and surgeons and other doctors at high-risk); patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive, patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD); and diseases where blood products or multiple blood transfusions are required such as hemophilia, aplastic anemia, leukemia, hemoglobinopathies, and patients awaiting major surgeries. Sexual exposure is a risk factor for HBV infection in patients presenting to sexually transmitted disease clinics, homosexuals; promiscuous heterosexuals; commercial sex workers; and sex partners of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive persons.
Prevaccination screening in general population has not been found to be cost-effective in India.
If the vaccination schedule is interrupted after the first dose, the second dose should be administered as soon as possible and the second and third doses should be separated by an interval of at least 8 weeks. If only the third dose has been delayed, it should be administered as soon as possible.
Postexposure screening is not indicated for most adults, except in immunocompromised persons, sex partners of HBsAg-positive persons, and health care workers at high risk for continued percutaneous or mucosal exposure to blood or body fluids. When indicated, postexposure screening should be performed 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the vaccine series. The anti-HBs titer should be maintained above 10 mIU/ml in all healthy adults.