Complete the following pairs to represent the relationship: i. Proteins: ribosomes:: enzymes :___________ ii. Golgi body: animal cells::_________ : plant cells iii. One plant: autogamy:: two plants:______________ iv. Insect: entomophilous :: wind:___________ v. Sarcolemma: muscle fibre:: intercalated discs:______________
Answers
Answer:
look: golgi apparatus(or complex, or body, or ‘the ‘golgi’) is found in all plant and animal cells and is the term given to groups of flattened disc-like structures located close to the endoplasmic reticulum.
the number of ‘golgi apparatus’ within a cell is variable. animal cells tend to have fewer and larger golgi apparatus. plant cells can contain as many as several hundred smaller versions.
the golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids (fats) from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. it modifies some of them and sorts, concentrates and packs them into sealed droplets called vesicles. depending on the contents these are despatched to one of three destinations:
destination 1: within the cell, to organelles called lysosomes.
destination 2: the plasma membrane of the cell
destination 3: outside of the cell.
the name behind the apparatus
the golgi apparatus is the only cell organelle to be named after a scientist. the visible characteristics of the organelle were first reported by camillo golgi (1843-1926) at a meeting of the medical society of pavia on 19 april 1898 when he named it the ‘internal reticular apparatus’.
debate about the existence of the apparatus continued even after 1913 when the term ‘golgi apparatus’ was officially given to the ‘internal reticular apparatus’. it was not until 1954 that work in electron microscopy finally put the seal of approval on the existence of the organelle and the eponym ‘the golgi’, was fully accepted.
going for golgi. where is the golgi apparatus and what is it?
where is it?
golgi apparatus is present in eucaryotic cells as one or more groups of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments or sacs. they are located very near the rough endoplasmic reticulum and hence near the nucleus.
what is it?
the compartments of the golgi apparatus look rather like a pile of pitta breads with the one at the top and bottom not being smooth but having broken open outermost surfaces. the number of compartments in any one golgi apparatus is usually between 3 and 8. the number of sets of golgi apparatus in a cell can be as few as 1, as in many animal cells, or many hundreds as in some plant cells. specialised secretory cells contain more sets of golgi apparatus than do other cells.
the golgi apparatus is part of a manufacturing and supply chain
in non-biological terms the golgi apparatus can be divided into three main sections:
1) goods inwards
2) main processing area
3) goods outwards
in the center of this image from a maize root cap slime-secreting cell there are two golgi stacks. the large white sacs near them contain mucilage produced by the golgi apparatus.
(courtesy of chris hawes, the research school of biology & molecular sciences, oxford brookes university, oxford, uk)
in terms of cell biology these sections, working from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer) outwards, are as follows:
1) cis golgi network (goods inwards)
- also called the cis golgi reticulum it is the entry area to the golgi apparatus. it follows the ‘transitional elements’ which are smooth areas of the rer that are also known as the ‘endoplasmic reticulum golgi intermediate compartments’ (er-gi-c).
2) golgi stack (main processing area)
this section is composed of a variable number, typically 3-6, of flattened sacs called cisternae (sing. cisterna). the cisternae of the golgi stack are divided into three working areas: cis cisternae, medial cisternae and trans cisternae.
3) trans golgi network (goods outwards)
this section is directly connected to the trans cisternae and it is here that final reactions and sorting takes place. the concentrated biochemicals are packed into sealed droplets or vesicles that form by budding off from the trans golgi surface. the vesicles are then transported away for use in the cell and beyond.
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Answer:
i) protein synthesizers
ii) proteins and lipid molecules
iii) allogamy
iv) the prevailing westerlies
v) intervertebral fibrocartilage