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Comprehension based questions class ix The Indus Valley civilization was an ancient civilization in an area that is Pakistan and northwest India today. These countries are in Asia. The civilization most likely existed from 2500 B.C.E to 1700 B.C.E. One of the major cities built by the Indus Valley people was Mohenjo-Daro. Mohenjo-Daro was one of the largest cities of its time. It was home to thousands of people. It was also a trading center. Mohenjo-Daro was built on mounds, or small hills. The city had streets with houses that had wells and bathrooms. It is believed that the ancient city was clean and nicely organized. The area where Mohenjo-Daro was built has very good soil for growing crops because it is near the Indus River. The ancient Indus people were able to farm and grow crops like wheat and peas. However, living near the river wasn’t always a good thing for the people of this city. Sometimes the river would flood some parts of it. No one knows for sure why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. There have been different theories. One is that this ancient civilization was attacked by people from another area. Another theory is that the Indus River may have changed its direction, causing flooding in one area and drought in another. This could have caused many people to starve and disease to spread. Scientists still study the area to learn as much as they can about this ancient people. Perhaps one day scientists will be able to solve some of the mysteries surrounding them. Indus Valley Civilization-Town Panning and Large Structures Town Planning According to archaeologists like Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott, the Harappan towns had a remarkable unity of conception. Raised citadels kept towns in glorious isolation. They were characterized by houses, temples, granaries and well-laid streets in grid pattern. There were great variations in the size of houses. The bigger houses were provided with private wells and toilets. The plan of these big houses was more or less similar having a square courtyard around which were a number of rooms. Adaptation to environment produced diversity in town planning. Harappa, Mahenjodaro and Kalibangan settlements show great uniformities in their town planning. These were divided into a citadel on the west side and a lower town on the eastern side of the settlement. The citadels containing large structures functioned as administrative or ritual centers. The lower city contained residential areas. In Harappa and Mahenjodaro the citadel was surrounded by a brick wall whereas in Kalibangan both the citadel and the lower city were surrounded by the wall.Baked bricks were used in buildings. Lothal had a very different layout. It was a rectangular settlement surrounded by a brick wall. Mahenjodaro showed excellent arrangement for sanitation. LARGE STRUCTURES 1. The Great Bath of Mahenjodaro. It was a brick built structure measuring 12m x 7m x 3m. Approached at either end by flights of steps, the bed of the bath was made water-tight by the use of bitumen. Porticos and a set of rooms surrounded the bath, 2. The Great Granary of Harappa. It consisted of a series of brick platforms forming the base of two rows of six granaries, 3. The Granary of Mahenjodaro. It was found in the citadel mound of Mahenjodaro. It comprised twenty-seven blocks, of brickwork crisscrossed by ventilation channels, 4. The Official residences in Mahenjodaro. It includes an open court onto which three verandas open. 5. The Assembly Hall. It had four rows of five brick plinths upon which wooden columns were erected.



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Answer 1

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