Concepts such as disease and health can be difficult to define precisely. Part of the reason for this is that they embody value judgments and are rooted in metaphor. The precise meaning of terms like health, healing and wholeness is likely to remain elusive, because the disconcerting openness of the outlook gained from experience alone resists the reduction of first-person judgments (including those of religion) to third-person explanations (including those of science).
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The modern view of health challenges includes a more holistic understanding of personal health and poor health is a multidimensional experience. When assessing the multifaceted aspects, one needs to consider them from, at least, objective, subjective, and contextual perspectives, i.e., the "three modes of unhealth"-disease, illness, and sickness (Boyd, 2000;Marinker, 1975;Wikman, Marklund, & Alexanderson, 2005). We can consider disease and sickness to be formalized modes of unhealth, and illness to be nonformalized. ...
... Illness is an individual's subjective, psychological process/experience of poor health (Naidoo & Wills, 2016;Wikman et al., 2005). For this article, we measured illness as individuals' health perceptions (self-rated-health, SRH), whereas sickness relates to the "external and public mode" of ill-health based on a negotiated role that an individual or society takes or gives as a result of illness or disease-for example, sick-leave (Boyd, 2000;Marinker, 1975;Wikman et al., 2005). ...
... The retirement definition we used in this article captures a more comprehensive transition in a situation where more Swedes are working with poor health conditions, and, continue to work while taking the pension benefits. In addition, this study's multidimensional perspective of health conditions captures a broader range of poor health among older workers and a more comprehensive understanding of health (Boyd, 2000;Marinker, 1975;Wikman et al., 2005).
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