conclusion for biology project on covid 19 in 100 words
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Explanation:
What is a coronavirus?
Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that circulate among animals including camels, cats, and bats. Coronaviruses derive their name from their electron microscopic image, which resembles a crown – or corona..
Six strains of coronavirus have infected humans, three of which have caused global coronavirus outbreaks in the past two decades (1). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), caused by a coronavirus termed SARS-CoV, started in 2003 in Guangdong, China, and spread to many countries in southeast Asia, North America, Europe, and South Africa. Bats are the natural hosts of SARS-CoV; its intermediate hosts are palm civets and raccoon dogs. Early cases of SARS were linked to human and animal contact at live game markets. Transmission occurred person-to-person through droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, via personal contact, and by touching contaminated surfaces. In SARS, peak viral shedding occurs approximately 10 days after the onset of illness, when many patients are hospitalized, which explains why health care professionals have a particularly high risk of becoming infected. SARS-CoV infected 8,069 persons and caused 774 deaths. SARS-CoV has a R0 of 4, meaning that each infected person spreads the disease to an average of four others, and a case fatality rate of 9.5 percent. The last known case of SARS-CoV was detected in September 2003.
Nine years later, MERS-CoV – which causes Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – emerged in Saudi Arabia. MERS is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission from camels and limited episodes of person-to-person transmission. Explosive nosocomial transmission has been linked to single super-spreaders of infection. Almost all cases have been linked to people in or near the Arabian Peninsula.
Six strains of coronavirus have infected humans, three of which have caused global coronavirus outbreaks in the past two decades.
The symptoms of MERS are nonspecific, but many patients develop atypical pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress. Up to 80 percent of patients with MERS require mechanical ventilation. Additionally, patients often have prominent gastrointestinal symptoms and acute kidney failure. This constellation of symptoms is due to the binding of the MERS-CoV S glycoprotein to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPPT4), which is present in the lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.
Like SARS, health professionals are at high risk of contracting MERS. The disease is still circulating and, to date, has infected approximately 2,500 people and caused 850 deaths. The main factor that controls the spread of MERS-CoV is its very low R0 of 1. However, the case fatality rate is very high at 35 percent.
What is SARS-CoV-2?
On December 30, 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology was observed in Wuhan, China, and reported to the World Health Organization (WHO)’s China bureau in Beijing. On January 7, 2020, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was isolated from these patients. The virus was initially referred to as “novel coronavirus 2019” (2019-nCoV) by the WHO – but, on February 11, 2020, was given the official name of SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2).
SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that shares 79 percent of its genetic sequence with SARS-CoV and has 96 percent homology with two coronaviruses in chrysanthemum bats. The pangolin is thought to the intermediate host between bats and humans. The virion contains four proteins (spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) and single-stranded RNA ..
The RNA genome consists of 29,900 nucleotides – larger than most other RNA viruses. One-third of the genome consists of genes for the four structural proteins and eight genes for accessory proteins that inhibit host defenses. Most of the remainder of the genome consists of the replicase gene, which encodes two large polyproteins that are cleaved into 15 or 16 nonstructural proteins (NSP) that assist in replicating and proofreading the viral genome ..
SARS-CoV-2 virions attach to human cells with their densely glycosylated spike protein and bind with high affinity to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor on human alveolar type II cells. Once the virus has attached to these receptors, the TMPRSS2 protease cleaves the spike protein to expose a fusion peptide. Virions are then able to release their RNA into infected cells, where it is replicated and translated into new viral proteins. Nucleocapsid proteins bind to RNA molecules and are then covered by the envelope and membrane proteins. Infected cells can produce 100 to 1,000 virions per day....
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Answer
covid 19 is very dangerous virus
on covid 19 came from China then we will important then you have to go out
stay home stay safe