conclusion for role of socio economic environment
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Answer:
Our natural environment makes human life possible, and our cultural environment helps define who we are. It is therefore essential that our population and economic
In general, if a traditional practice or knowledge is still in use, even if by a small portion of the population, it can be considered to be viable. If social cohesion and political authority are still intact then communal cooperation for natural resource management is still viable, even if de jure land tenure has been destroyed. In most cases descriptive knowledge has survived better than management practices and organizational structures.
The situation in most parts of Africa is changing so fast, that what one concludes now may no longer be appropriate a few years later. Therefore, many of the studies already mentioned in this report may need to be revisited. In addition, this suggests that any development project wishing to include LKMS into its design, must first conduct field surveys to validate and update its information on the LKMS.
Viability of a particular technique or knowledge is best analyzed through several complementary activities. In the first place, a good methodology is needed to collect information on the LKMS. Several appropriate methodologies have been developed and tested by various researchers, most of them concentrating on an action-research type method that weeds out superfluous details and collects the more salient techniques. Secondly, the attitude of the local people toward the LKMS needs to be elucidated through formal and informal talks. There is not much point in trying to revive something that the people think is useless and/or unrevivable. Thirdly, pilot activities aimed at experimentally reviving a part of LKMS can provide the ultimate litmus test, and in their aggregate may help develop general guidelines for analyzing the viability of other LKMS.
Certain general conditions need to be met before LKMS can be used in development programs. Although some of the outmigration from the pastoral system is due to entire families leaving for other activities, some of it is also due to young men leaving for urban and industrial jobs, causing a serious manpower shortage in the remaining household. Ways must be found to provide incentives to keep the young on the range, before the old (or new) grazing cooperation regulations can be revived. In addition, grazing coordination cannot be reinstated unless the underlying resource shortage is alleviated (through proper land use planning with enforcement to stop crop expansion, and/or range improvement techniques).
The national policy on land tenure is often one (but not the only one) of the stumbling blocks for proper management of natural resources. Decentralization of the tenure structure to give greater control over natural resources to the local people would be a probable solution. However, resource tenure decentralization is also a politically sensitive issue with a potential for creating or aggravating regional competition and conflicts. Thus, the exact mechanism by which decentralization is achieved needs to be carefully considered.
Project planning, design and implementation need to be made more flexible in time and scope in order to properly take into account LKMS and popular participation. The attitude of experts, donor agencies, government officials and extension agents needs to be modified so that there is a greater willingness to consider the advantages of LKMS. The attitude of the local people, who are by now used to top-down projects, may also need to be changed.