conclusion for the project local self government
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Panchayati Raj as a system of local self governance has a weak
foundation because the concept of Gram Swaraj visualized by the
Father of the Nation has not been put into practice. The Central and
the State governments, instead of initiating such policies which could
strengthen the Panchayati Raj institutions, have used these institutions
as for distributing funds to the target groups.
foundation because the concept of Gram Swaraj visualized by the
Father of the Nation has not been put into practice. The Central and
the State governments, instead of initiating such policies which could
strengthen the Panchayati Raj institutions, have used these institutions
as for distributing funds to the target groups.
Answered by
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While lobbying has always existed and probably
always will, several recent trends can be detected
regarding this most basic of political activities and
the lobbyists who perform it. Three are particu-
larly noteworthy and interrelated.
First, since the rise of the third wave of democ-
racy in the mid-1980s, an internationalization or
globalization of lobbying techniques has taken
place. This is not to say that all the new tech-
niques in the United States are appropriate to all
other political systems, but these techniques are
often used when expedient around the world.
Second, a reduction of the role of the state in
many countries, especially in Western Europe, has
undermined the neo-corporatist approach to lob-
bying and increased the level of pluralism. The
first two trends have produced what might be
considered an “Americanization” of lobbying
across advanced liberal democracies and increas-
ingly in developing democracies. However, this is
not because these systems are trying to emulate or
mimic the U.S. model. It is due more to the U.S.
always will, several recent trends can be detected
regarding this most basic of political activities and
the lobbyists who perform it. Three are particu-
larly noteworthy and interrelated.
First, since the rise of the third wave of democ-
racy in the mid-1980s, an internationalization or
globalization of lobbying techniques has taken
place. This is not to say that all the new tech-
niques in the United States are appropriate to all
other political systems, but these techniques are
often used when expedient around the world.
Second, a reduction of the role of the state in
many countries, especially in Western Europe, has
undermined the neo-corporatist approach to lob-
bying and increased the level of pluralism. The
first two trends have produced what might be
considered an “Americanization” of lobbying
across advanced liberal democracies and increas-
ingly in developing democracies. However, this is
not because these systems are trying to emulate or
mimic the U.S. model. It is due more to the U.S.
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