conclusion of cell organelles
Answers
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The cellular components are called the Cell Organelles. These cell organelles are membrane-bound, present within the cells and are distinct in their structures and functions. They coordinate with their functions efficiently for the normal functioning of the cell. Few of them functions providing shape and support, whereas some are involved in the locomotion and reproduction of a cell.
List of Cell Organelles and their Functions
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane also termed as a Cell Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane. It is a selectively permeable membrane of the cell, which is composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins.
The plasma membrane is present both in plant and animal cell, which function as the selectively permeable membrane, by permitting the entry of selective materials in and out of the cell according to the requirement. In an animal cell, the cell membrane functions by providing shape and protects the inner contents of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is present both in plant and animal cells. They are jelly-like substance, found between the cell membrane and nucleus. They are mainly composed of water, organic and inorganic compounds. The cytoplasm is one of the essential components of the cell, where all the cell organelles are embedded.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a double-membraned organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the largest organelle, which functions as the control centre of the cellular activities and is the storehouse of the cell’s DNA. By structure, the nucleus is dark, round, surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It is a porous membrane (like cell membrane) and forms a wall between cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the nucleus, there are tiny spherical bodies called nucleolus. It also carries another essential structure, called chromosomes. Chromosomes are thin and thread-like structures which carry another important structure called a gene. Genes are hereditary unit an organism i.e., it helps in the inheritance of traits from one generation (parents) to another (offspring). Hence, the nucleus controls the characters and functions of cells in our body. The primary function of the nucleus is to monitor cellular activities including metabolism and growth by making use of DNA’s genetic information.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. They are the transport system of the cell, involved in transporting materials throughout the cell.
There are two different types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are called as the powerhouses of the cell as they produce energy-rich molecules for the cell. The mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally in several organisms. It is a double membrane-bound, sausage-shaped organelle, found in almost all eukaryotic cells.
Plastids
Plastids are large membrane-bound organelles which contain pigments. Based on the type of pigments, plastids are of three types:
1. Chloroplasts
2. Chromoplasts
3. Leucoplasts
RIBOSOME
Ribosomes are nonmembrane-bound and important cytoplasmic organelles found in close association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are found in the form of tiny particles in a large number of cells and are mainly composed of 2/3rd of RNA and 1/3rd of protein. They are named as the 70s (found in prokaryotes) or 80s (found in eukaryotes) . Both 70S and 80S ribosomes are composed of two sub-units.
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus also termed as Golgi Complex. It is a membrane-bound organelle, which is mainly composed of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. This cell organelle is primarily responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipid to targeted destinations. Golgi Apparatus is found within the cytoplasm of a cell and are present in both plant and animal cells.
Centrosome and Centrioles
The centrosome organelle is made up of two mutually perpendicular structures known as centrioles. Each centriole is composed of 9 equally spaced peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein, and the fibril is a set of interlinked triplets. The centrioles from the basal bodies of the cilia and flagella give rise to spindle fibres during cell division.
Vacuoles
present only in plants .Vacuoles are mostly defined as storage bubbles of irregular shapes which are found in cells. They are fluid-filled organelles enclosed by a membrane. The vacuole stores the food or a variety of nutrients that a cell might need to survive. In addition to this, it also stores waste products.
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All living things are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
Explanation:
- Prokaryotes are simpler and do not contain membrane-bound organelles
- Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with highly specialized functions.
- Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
- The nucleus stores genetic information and is the site of transcription.
- The mitochondria are involved in ATP production and apoptosis.
- Lysosomes break down molecules ingested through endocytosis and cellular waste products, and can also be involved in apoptosis.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins destined for secretion.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
- The Golgi apparatus packages, modifies, and distributes cellular products.
- Peroxisomes break down very long chain fatty acids, synthesize lipids, and contribute to the pentose phosphate pathway.