conclusion of King farmer and town.
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Answer:
Know about the several developments in different parts of the subcontinent following the end of the Harappan civilization.
Learn the salient features of mahajanapadas.
Learn about the problems faced by epigraphists.
Know about the main features of Mauryan administration.
Know the notions of kingship that developed in the post-Mauryan period.
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SUMMARY
After the decline of Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), many significant changes took place in the Indian subcontinent.
Vedas (Rigveda,Samveda,Yajurveda and Atharveda) and other religious and literary works are an invaluable source to know the history of that period.
In the 6th century BCE sixteen big kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas came into existence.
Among these sixteen Mahajanapadas were-Magadha,Koshala,Vatsa and Avant which were the most powerful.
Magadha was very powerful Mahajanapada.
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Mauryan Empire. He founded Mauryan Empire by defeating the last ruler of Nanda Dynasty, Mahajanapadas.
Megasthenes’s Indica and Kautilya’s Arthashastra provided valuable information about the Mauryan Empire.
After the death of Chandragupta Maurya, his son Bindusara (298 to 272 BCE) became the next ruler.
After Bindusara, Ashoka (272 till 231 BCE) came to power. After the Kalinga War, Ashoka gave up the policy of was and expansion. Inscriptions of Ashoka are the most relevant sources to know about the Mauryan period. These are written in Brahmi (Prakrit) script. James Prinsep was able to decipher Ashokan Brahmi in 1838.
Kharosthi was deciphered by studying coins which had both Greek and Kharosthi scripts. Asoka was mentioned in the inscriptions as ‘Devanampiya’ meant ‘beloved of the God’ and ‘Piyadassi’ meant ‘pleasant to behold’
The limitations of Inscriptions: These were technical limitations like faintly engraved, damaged or missing letters in inscriptional evidence.
Emergence of New Kingdoms:
New kingdoms emerged in the Deccan and further South, including the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.Satavahanas and Shakas derived revenues from long-distance trade.Kushanas ruled over a vast kingdom and considered themselves as God, adopting the title of Devaputra (Son of God).
Histories of the Gupta rulers were reconstructed from literature, coins and inscriptions, including Prashastis.The Prayaga Prashasti (also called Allahabad pillar inscription) by Harisena is the most important source to know about the Gupta rulers.
Emergence of New Communities:
Historians examined stories of Jatakas and Panchatantra to know about the view of common people regarding the rulers.Strategies for increasing agricultural production were developed,including use of iron-tipped plough and the use of irrigation through wells and tanks.
Advancement of agriculture led to emergence of different communities of people viz. large landholders, small peasants and landless agricultural labourers.From early Tamil literature and Pali texts,categories of people like Gahapati (master of a household),Vellar (large land owners),Uzhavar (plough men) and Adimai (slaves) are known.
Emergence of Towns and Trade:
Several urban centres emerged in the sub-continent from the 6th century BCE. People living in these areas traded artefacts like fine pottery known as Northern black polishes ware, ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels, figurines made of gold ,silver ,copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell, terracotta.
Guild or Shrenis procured raw materials regulated production and marketed the finished product. The trade extended beyond the sub-continent, Central Asia, East and North Africa, South-East and China.
The first gold coins were issued in 1st century CE. Some of the most spectular gold coins were issued by the Gupta rulers.
Explanation:
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Answer:
There were several changes in economic and political life between 600 BCE and 600 CE. The most important was the
emergence of early states, empires and kingdoms. There were other changes as well like growth in agricultural
production, emergence of new towns etc. Historians tried to understand these changes by using a variety of sourcesInscriptions, texts coins etc.
Explanation: