Question

conclusion of the hope's appartus​

Answer 1

The Hope’s Apparatus is used to demonstrate through experiment, that water density increases with increasing temperature between 0 degree and 4 degrees centigrade. The experiment using Hope’s Apparatus shows that water reaches its maximum density at 4 degrees centigrade or 39 degrees Fahrenheit.

Thomas Charles Hope (1766 – 1844), a Scottish physician and chemist, is the inventor of this apparatus and also proved the existence of the element strontium.

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Answer 2

Explanation:

Thomas Charles Hope (1766-1844) was the Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh University from 1795-1843. In 1805 he published a paper "Experiments and Observations upon the Contraction of Water by Heat at Low Temperatures". In it he showed that water has its maximum density at about 4°C, a fact well known to fish who congregate at the bottom of ponds in freezing weather.

The apparatus at the left is at Kenyon College, and at the right is an example of Hope's apparatus at the University of Cincinnati.

Hope's apparatus is a glass cylinder encircled with a trough half-way up to contain a freezing mixture. Holes in the cylinder at the top and the bottom allow thermometers to be inserted into the water to sample its temperature. After a sufficient length of time the more dense water collects at the bottom at a temperature of 4°C.

The reference below gives graphs of Hope's experiments (in his paper he only gave tables), plus additional experiments run by the author in 1981.

REFERENCE: Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr., "The Maximum Density of Water", Phys. Teach., 23, 474-477 (1985).

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