Consider the following statements about exhaustion of natural resources:
Which of these statements gives an idea about sustainable development?
i) The crude oil resources would last only 50 years more
ii) More oil extraction is being considered in the middle east
iii) The non-conventional fuel resources should be encourged to reduce the demand of crude oil.
A. Only ii
B. Only iii
C. ii and iii
D. i and iii
Answers
Explanation:
ABSTRACT
Overall, at least 1.6 billion people—one-fourth of the world’s population—currently live without electricity and this number has hardly changed in absolute terms since 1970. And yet, the electricity required for people to read at night, pump a minimal amount of drinking water and listen to radio broadcasts would amount to less than 1 percent of overall global energy demand.
Developing and emerging economies face thus a two-fold energy challenge in the 21st century: Meeting the needs of billions of people who still lack access to basic, modern energy services while simultaneously participating in a global transition to clean, low-carbon energy systems. And historic rates of progress toward increased efficiency, de-carbonization, greater fuel diversity and lower pollutant emissions need to be greatly accelerated in order to do so.
To a significant extent, fortunately, the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions may be aligned with the pursuit of other energy-related objectives, such as developing indigenous renewable resources and reducing local forms of pollution. In the near term, however, there will be tensions. Sustainable energy policies are more likely to succeed if they also contribute toward other societal and economic development objectives. Governments should look across policies to maximize positive synergies where they exist and avoid creating cost-cutting incentives.
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INDEX TERMS
Keywords: developing, economies, electricity, emerging, energy, low-carbon, policies, services, sustainable development
Sections: Surveys
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OUTLINE
Introduction
Historic Energy Trends
Rising Consumption and the Transition to Commercial Forms of Energy
Increasing Power and Efficiency
De-carbonization and Diversification, Especially in the Production of Electricity
Reduction of conventional pollutants associated with energy use
The Energy Challenge
The Technology Challenge
Policies and Actions
Energy efficiency
Subsidy Reform
Indigenous Sustainable Resources
Technology Transfer and Development of Human and Institutional Capacity
Clean, Efficient Cook Stoves
Conclusion
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EDITOR'S NOTES
This paper has been reviewed by two anonymous referees
This paper is a revised version of a report originally published by The Academy of Science for the developing World (TWAS).
Received: 14 April 2009 – Accepted: 16 September 2009 – Published: 27 November 2009.
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Introduction
1Since the dawn of the industrial age, the ability to harness and use different forms of energy has transformed living conditions for billions of people, enabling them to enjoy a level of comfort and mobility that is unprecedented in human history, and freed them to perform increasingly productive tasks. For most of the last 200 years, the steady growth in energy consumption has been closely tied to rising levels of prosperity and economic opportunity in much of the world. However, humanity now finds itself confronting an enormous energy challenge. This challenge has at least two critical dimensions. It has become clear that current patterns of energy use are environmentally unsustainable. The overwhelming reliance on fossil fuels, in particular, threatens to alter the Earth’s climate to an extent that could have grave consequences for the integrity of both natural systems and vital human systems. At the same time, access to energy continues to divide the ‘haves’ from the ‘have-nots.’ Globally, a large fraction of the world’s population—more than two billion people by some estimates—still lacks access to one or several types of basic energy services, including electricity, clean cooking fuel and an adequate means of transportation.
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Answer:
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