Question

Constitution of a nation contains
A constitution is primarily a set of rules and principles specifying how a country should be governed, how power is distributed and controlled, and what rights citizens possess. ... Ways in which a constitution can be amended: a constitution must contain a clear statement of the processes by which it can be changed.​

Answer 1

Answer:

A constitution is primarily a set of rules and principles specifying how a country should be governed, how power is distributed and controlled, and what rights citizens possess. It is usually written down and contained within a single document; the UK is unusual in having an uncodified constitution with many sources.

Constitutions vary in length, the famous US Constitution of 1787 being rather short, but will typically all contain guidance on matters such as those listed below:

Rules and guidelines for conducting elections, including when and how often elections are held, who can stand for elected office, which processes and procedures are to be applied (including details of the electoral system), and provisions for the oversight of elections.

The relationship between the key institutions, or branches, of government: the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It is usual to set out precisely what powers are held by the different branches, and how individuals within them, including the chief executive, can be checked or removed.

The location of sovereignty (ultimate political authority) within a political system. In the case of the USA, sovereignty lies with the people (‘We the People…’) and in the UK sovereignty, by convention, rests with Parliament.

Ways in which a constitution can be amended: a constitution must contain a clear statement of the processes by which it can be changed. Some ‘originalists’, such as the late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, believe constitutions should be beyond reproach but most political actors and commentators view them as ‘living’ documents. That is, it should be possible to adapt and change a constitution so that it better matches the values and principles of the time, and so that problems and challenges not envisaged at the time of the constitution’s founding can be addressed within the bounds of the system. An uncodified constitution makes no distinction between ‘higher’ constitutional and other law, therefore amendment is easily attained via a parliamentary majority and no special arrangements are necessary.

A statement of the rights of citizens against the state and how redress might be gained. The opening 10 Amendments to the US Constitution are known as the ‘Bill of Rights’ and guarantee freedoms such as the right to a fair trial and ‘due process of law’, free speech, freedom of religion and, notoriously in the case of the 2nd Amendment, ‘the right of the people to keep and bear Arms’, a staple of presidential election campaigns. The situation is more complicated in the UK but recent statute law such as the Human Rights Act (1998) and the Freedom of Information Act (2000) serve a similar purpose, as does common law and convention, albeit these protections are not entrenched and the lack of codification also explains some confusion as to where the rights of citizens lie.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Concept Introduction:-

History informs us for the past happenings with written records as it tells us about our past.

Explanation:-

A question has been provided to us

We need to find the solution to the question

The list of types of amendments can be found below. There are three ways in which the Constitution can be amended:

1. Amendment by simple majority of the Parliament.
2. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament.
3. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament and the ratification of at least half of the state legislatures.

A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article $368$. Those provisions of the Constitution which are related to the federal structure of the polity can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament and also with the consent of half of the state legislatures by a simple majority. If one or some or all the remaining states take no action on the bill, it does not matter; the moment half of the states give their consent, the formality is completed. There is no time limit within which the states should give their consent to the bill.

Final Answer:-

The correct answer are,

1. Amendment by simple majority of the Parliament.
2. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament.
3. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament and the ratification of at least half of the state legislatures.

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