Conversion of nitrogen to ammonia or nitrogen compounds is called as
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nitrogen fixation
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Nitrogen is a crucially important component for all life. It is an important part of many cells and processes such as amino acids, proteins and even our DNA. It is also needed to make chlorophyll in plants, which is used in photosynthesis to make their food.
As part of these life processes, nitrogen is transformed from one chemical form to another. The transformations that nitrogen undergoes as it moves between the atmosphere, the land and living things make up the nitrogen cycle.
Fixation
Nitrogen in its gaseous form (N2) can’t be used by most living things. It has to be converted or ‘fixed’ to a more usable form through a process called fixation. There are three ways nitrogen can be fixed to be useful for living things:
Biologically: Nitrogen gas (N2) diffuses into the soil from the atmosphere, and species of bacteria convert this nitrogen to ammonium ions (NH4+), which can be used by plants. Legumes (such as clover and lupins) are often grown by farmers because they have nodules on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. (Learn more about this process in the article The role of clover.)
Through lightning: Lightning converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and nitrate (NO3) that enter soil with rainfall.
Industrially: People have learned how to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia (NH3-) and nitrogen-rich fertilisers to supplement the amount of nitrogen fixed naturally.
Decomposition
Plants take up nitrogen compounds through their roots. Animals obtain these compounds when they eat the plants. When plants and animals die or when animals excrete wastes, the nitrogen compounds in the organic matter re-enter the soil where they are broken down by microorganisms, known as decomposers. This decomposition produces ammonia, which can then go through the nitrification process.
Nitrification
Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is called nitrification. Compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and ammonium can be taken up from soils by plants and then used in the formation of plant and animal proteins.
As part of these life processes, nitrogen is transformed from one chemical form to another. The transformations that nitrogen undergoes as it moves between the atmosphere, the land and living things make up the nitrogen cycle.
Fixation
Nitrogen in its gaseous form (N2) can’t be used by most living things. It has to be converted or ‘fixed’ to a more usable form through a process called fixation. There are three ways nitrogen can be fixed to be useful for living things:
Biologically: Nitrogen gas (N2) diffuses into the soil from the atmosphere, and species of bacteria convert this nitrogen to ammonium ions (NH4+), which can be used by plants. Legumes (such as clover and lupins) are often grown by farmers because they have nodules on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. (Learn more about this process in the article The role of clover.)
Through lightning: Lightning converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and nitrate (NO3) that enter soil with rainfall.
Industrially: People have learned how to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia (NH3-) and nitrogen-rich fertilisers to supplement the amount of nitrogen fixed naturally.
Decomposition
Plants take up nitrogen compounds through their roots. Animals obtain these compounds when they eat the plants. When plants and animals die or when animals excrete wastes, the nitrogen compounds in the organic matter re-enter the soil where they are broken down by microorganisms, known as decomposers. This decomposition produces ammonia, which can then go through the nitrification process.
Nitrification
Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is called nitrification. Compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and ammonium can be taken up from soils by plants and then used in the formation of plant and animal proteins.
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