Correct the following statement- India appears to be a "COMMUNAL STATE" during an Emergency
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In historical terms, nationalism is not in itself progressive or reactionary, secular or
communal, democratic or authoritarian, or anything else that can be expressed in simple
categories of better or worse. It all depends upon its specific character, its program and
leadership, and above all else, its concrete historical context. Nationalism in India before
1947 was indeed progressive, but under a different, more advanced class leadership it could
have been radical, even revolutionary, because it aimed at resolving the basic structural
contradictions concentrated in imperialism, whose resolution alone could clear the path for
the Indian people's continuing struggle for a better future.1
Several parallel movements made efforts to achieve the goal of independence of our nation.
The nationwide movements launched and led followed a distinct pursuit of strategy,
programme, policy and its implementation. On one hand there was a popular nationalist
movement, unique in the annals of world history for ousting the British imperialists by means
of non-violent methods on the other hand, there was a counter movement which worked with
the method of revolution, violence, cruelty, bloodshed and massacres but both had a common
goal of winning independence for our country. Both led to the successful conclusion of
attaining freedom of India,though a heavy price had to be paid simultaneously by way of the
wounds of which seem to be as fresh today as ever.
Political and historical problems leading to the communal tensions and subsequently the
partition of our nation neither erupted suddenly nor could be solved easily. On the journey of
various socio-political upheavals between 1885 and 1947, one arrived at a point in 1909
when separate electorates were provided to the Muslims under the Act of 1909. Such a
concession granted to the Muslims under the said Act set a fertile ground for rivalries and
antagonism among the communities, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh. The communal tension among
the communities was not a new phenomenon. There had been the communal tension for
many years before among Hindus and Muslims which was precipitated by way of diplomatic
manoeuvres on part of foreign and native forces, a nexus formed among elite, intellectual and
landlord classes- both foreign and native, as well as by way of policy of divide and rule of the
British. Even though communal bitterness remained subdued for intermittent intervals for the
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