Covid vaccine. how to make
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Answer:
There are a few hard truths worth grappling with when it comes to the Covid-19 pandemic.
First, life may not fully return to normal until an effective vaccine is developed, manufactured in mass quantities and distributed worldwide. Anything but the cautious reopening of economies in the meantime will likely lead to significant second-wave outbreaks and renewed physical distancing. There's no substitute for herd immunity.
Second, despite recent scientific advances and heroic efforts to speed vaccines to market, the 12- to 18-month timeline that public-health officials keep referring to is an aspiration rather than a certainty. Private companies and government labs are rushing vaccine candidates into trials, but there’s no guarantee that they’ll prove safe, effective and easily scalable. The world simply hasn't made the sort of long-term investments needed for a pandemic-ready vaccine.
Emergency funding, hard work and ingenuity could well result in a relatively speedy vaccine. But the amount of uncertainty in that outcome and the death toll that will mount even in a best-case scenario suggest a need for a far more ambitious intervention.
Making vaccines is difficult and expensive in the best of times. It usually takes years to bring a candidate to market. On top of the scientific difficulty, vaccines must clear an exceptionally high safety bar: Unlike just about any other treatment, they're given to otherwise healthy people in large quantities. Any significant side effects can have disastrous consequences, and long and careful testing is required to avoid harm. By one estimate, getting a single epidemic infectious disease vaccine from the preclinical stage to large-scale testing costs between $319 million and $469 million.
These costs and risks are elevated further in a pandemic, because there’s no time for the usual lengthy and cautious process. Researchers are still trying to figure out what animals to use to test potential vaccines, for instance, yet preclinical testing, dose selection and human trials are proceeding at warp speed at dozens of labs. That increases the chances of mistakes that may not be caught until later. To have something available on a reasonable timeline, manufacturing capacity will have to be built before efficacy and safety are confirmed.Looming on the other side of this enormously costly process is a series of abject market failures. Long vaccine timelines mean that epidemics often putter out, leaving no demand for the product. That's unlikely in this case, but companies that leaped into the challenge of developing SARS and Zika vaccines saw commitment and funding dry up and their work languish. In Congressional testimony in March, Peter Hotez, a Texas-based researcher, described being unable to find public or private funding to bring a promising SARS vaccine into trials once the transmission of the disease stopped. He wasn’t alone, and as a result, the world lacks valuable insight about a vaccine for a similar coronavirus.
Explanation:
There is no specific treatment for disease caused by a novel coronavirus. However, many of the symptoms can be treated and therefore treatment based on the patient's clinical condition
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