Question

Craft and industries in India before and after colonial era

Answer 1

Explanation:

Cotton textile and Jute industries are major industries in India during British rule. Metal industries like iron and steel also started on commercial scale after some time. Wood based industries like saw mills, ply boards and particle boards also established in forest regions.

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Answer 2

Before the colonial era. India was a leading exporter of cotton textile as well the leading manufacturer of cotton textile. India's cotton textiles were in great demand globally

Explanation:

• Richard Arkwright's invention of the steam engine led to a boom in England's cotton production. Cotton clothes were woven by the machines in large quantities at a much faster rate. India's hand woven fabrics of cotton had to deal with machine textiles that were cheaper and processed in large quantities.
• The wool & silk farmers in England started to oppose the influx of Indian textiles from the cotton industry. By banning chintz/printed cotton fabric from India, the British Government sought to defend its local textile industries.
• In order to establish unfavorables conditions for the Indian textiles, a very high customs duty was levied upon Indian imports into Britain. It resulted in a catastrophic situation, where British cotton machine capturing European , American and African markets and displacing traditional Indian cotton textiles.
• British manufacturing revolution had brought cheaper goods. The weavers in India were the hardest hit group. Thousands of weavers had been thrown out of jobs. The weavers in Bengal were the hardest affected. By the mid-19th century , the British cotton textile system dominated Indian markets.  Indian weavers & spinners were devastated and lost their livelihoods.
• Such craftsmen had to abandon the occupation of their predecessors. A lot of them were forced to become agricultural workers. Many moved to the towns and others entered the cotton mills in Bombay, Kanpur, Nagpur, and so on. A few went to work in African & South American plantations.