Create a seminar report on "The diseases affecting nervous system"
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Nervous system diseases, also known as nervous system or neurological disorders, refers to a small class of medical conditions affecting the nervous system. This category encompasses over 600 different conditions, including genetic disorders, infections, cancer, seizure disorders (such as epilepsy), conditions with a cardiovascular origin (such as stroke), congenital and developmental disorders (such as spina bifida), and degenerative disorders (such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).[1]
Genetic
Some nervous system diseases are due to genetic mutations.[2] For example, Huntington's disease is an inherited disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration.[3] Huntington's disease results from a mutation in either copy of the HTT gene, which results in an abnormally folded protein.[4] The accumulation of mutated proteins results in brain damage of the basal ganglia.[4]
Congenital/developmental defect
Developing babies can suffer from birth defects that affect the formation of the nervous system.[5] For example, Anencephaly (or spina bifida) causes abnormalities in the nervous system due to neural tube defects.[5]
Cancer
This figure illustrates how glioblastoma affects brain tissue.
Specialized cells in the central nervous system, such as glial cells, may proliferate abnormally and form gliomas.[6] Glioblastoma is an aggressive form of glioma.[7]
Infection
Pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses can affect the nervous system.[8] For example, meningitis is a common infection of the central nervous system, where bacterial or viral infections cause an inflammation of the meninges.[9]
Seizure disorder
It is suspected that seizures occur because of synchronized brain activity.[10] Epilepsy, for example, is characterized by an abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which causes repeated seizures.[11]
Vascular
The brain is rich in blood vessels because it requires a lot of nutrients and oxygen.[12] A stroke may result from a blood clot or hemorrhage.[13]
Degenerative
This diagram shows the myelin sheath around axons of healthy neurons looks like, and the result of demyelination of neurons in Multiple Sclerosis.
A neurodegenerative disease is a disease that causes damage to neurons. Examples of neurodegenerative disease include Alzheimer's Disease,[14] Parkinson's Disease,[15] Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.[16] For example, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease, where the body initiate an inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system, and causes damage to neurons.[17][18] Neurodegneration is different in each disease, for example, MS is a result of a degenerative process called demyelination.[17] On the other hand, Parkinson's Disease results from damage of neurons in the Substantia Nigra, which is important to initiate motor behavior.[19]
Anatomy
Central nervous system (CNS)
According to Tim Newman, the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, it collects information from the entire body and it also controls functions throughout the entire body.[20]
Brain
Newman's research also shows that the brain is the most complex organ in the entire body. The brain is split up into 4 lobes: the temporal, parietal the occipital, and the frontal The brain has over 100 billion neurons and it uses about 20% of the body's oxygen.[21]
Main article: Human brain
Spinal cord
The spinal cord runs through most of the back. The spinal cord contains a total of 31 spinal nerves in between each vertebrae. The nerves connect to the peripheral nervous system.[20]
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system connects to the muscles and glands and sends information to the central nervous system.[22]
Diagnosis
There are a number of different tests that can be used to diagnose neurological diso