criticall examine the inter national approach to the study of caste
Answers
EXPLANATION:
Attributes are intrinsic inalienable qualities associated with the caste system As such, each caste should be involved in these attributes essentially. In the 1930s Ghurye wrote and thought, that each caste was hierarchically separated from the other. This order was legally derived from attributes of a caste. These were
Segmental Division: Membership in a caste group is acquired by birth and is in the rank in contrast to other castes.
Hierarchy: From the above, high rank orders or superiority or inferiority relations were arranged. While Brahms were acknowledged as high, untouchables were in the very bottom of the hierarchy
Caste Restrictions: These were imposed on every caste that allowed its members to associate with specific groups of people only. It included their clothing, their voice, their customs, their rituals, and their food. The system was designed to maintain the purity of the members of the group, therefore of the caste.
Caste Pollution: In this idea, a caste made every effort to prevent pollution caused by polluting objects (those that were unclean or lowest caste). This pollution shielding is reflected in the caste group's residential separation . Traditional Occupation: Ghurye thought that every caste was held historically by clean castes, whereas the unclean and unclean caste had depilatory castes.
Endogamy: This feature of the castes was very distinct and necessary to retain it as a group with a distinctive character. Basically it maintained that only in one's own caste could one marry..
Ghurye tried to describe the mechanism by which a caste community preserved its caste identity through 6 attributes. The caste community retained its own separate identity, which it tried to preserve over the years by retaining the various characteristics of segment separation, hierarchy, caste constraints, caste contaminants, traditional occupation and marriage in a particular caste circle.
Another important feature of the caste system as seen by Hutton was the taboo on taking cooked food from any caste but one's own. Such restrictions raise questions in themselves:
The food is cooked by whom?
What type of vessel was the food cooked in'?
Is the food (cooked in water) that is kaccha/uncooked or pakka (fried in oil).
Food is hierarchy and vegetarian food is ranked above non-vegetarian food. Brahmin are typically vegetarian, how Bengali and Kashmiri Brahmins eat non-vegetarian food as well.
The process of forming the caste identity reflects these restrictions. We represent the distinction between the caste groups and hierarchy. Therefore, the failure to accept food represents rank superiority or rank dominance. The belief that' pureness' is preserved and' pollution' is minimized also permeates these experiences. For example, in areas of South India the fear of pollution is transformed into a physical distance between the upper and lower castes. Again, low-ranking castes must avoid the temples of the village and keep a physical distance from higher caste members. Hutton thus explains caste interactions with the concept of caste attributes, primarily in terms of purity, impurity, restrictions, and endogamy on commensality.
In the case of Srinivas in the 50's we see that, on the basis of these characteristics, he chooses to research the structure of relations between castes. Though he presents an extremely forceful dynamic aspect of caste identity. Through Srinivas ' work on spatial mobility, called the' Sanskritisation, this dimension becomes more apparent. Sanskritisation is a process in which a caste tries, by adopting in practice the caste attributes or the castes above them, to raise its ranking within the hierarchy of castes. In other words, the' low' attributes are slowly eliminated, and the castes above them are imitated in the' high' attributes. It includes vegetarianism, pure jobs, etc. Closely connected is the concept of dominant caste. The dominant caste in a village is conspicuous by its ownership of land, sizeable numerical presence, and political power. A dominant caste thus has both numerical and economic and political significance. Interestingly, the dominant caste shouldn't be the highest caste ranking in the hierarchy of the village caste. All the other castes are dominated by the dominant caste.
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Critical examine the international approach to the study of caste.
Caste has been widely used to describe ranked groups within rigid systems of social stratification and especially those which constitute the society of Hindu India.
the attributional approach to caste deals with its inherent qualities and features that identifies the whole caste system. hence every caste share these attributes as a part of their identity. attributional approach also tells us about the major features of the cates system and thus provides a analytical view relative to other forms of social stratification. as we know that caste system maintain hirarchiacal order that is each caste is seperated from the other in terms of its ranking . this ranking was formed as a result of attributes of a caste. these attributes are :- 1. caste membership is acquired by birth hence the rank relative to other caste is determined at birth . 2. the ranking is done in terms of relations of superiority or inferiority. 3. each hirarchy or say each caste has its own restrictions and norms that the members are suppose to be strictly abide by . these restrictions gave permission to its members only to interact with particular grous of people. this inculed its dress, speech, customs, ritual, food. 4. the idea of purity and pollution wherein each caste avoid contaminationfrom polluting objects such as occupations dealing with skin, death bodies or dirt as of the lowest caste. this worked as an element of separation of the caste. 5. every caste has a traditional occupation based on the system of purtiy and pollution. the higher caste had cleaner occupations than the lower caste . 6. rules of marriage is another important attribute of caste. one could marry within ones caste only. 7. food or commensality also determined the separation from one caste to another. pakka food (food cooked in oil) is accepted from other castes whereas kachcha food ( uncooked food or food cooked in water) is accepted only within the caste 8. ownership of land or property supported the hierarchial aspect of a caste to considerable extend. the lowest caste where usually the landless caste. 9. a dominant caste also enjoyed greater political power over other castes.
By preserving these above attributes a caste maintained its identiy which it sought to retain over generations.