Question

CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE ENVIROMENTAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA.?

Answer 1

Environmental movements are social movements involving the citizens of the region and organisations that are particularly environmentally friendly for the protection and reform of public policy. The legacy of environmental campaigns in India is quite ancient. Since independence, movements such as Chipco Andolan, Narmada Bachao Andola have played a key role.

Explanation:

Nature and scope of Environmental Movements in Independent India:

• Mass Movement: Environmental movements in India go far beyond the differences in culture & society. It brings together people from various castes, ethnic groups , political views, gender groups & ages who work towards a common objective for the conservation of the environment.
• Women as the Leader: Women from particularly poorer classes, as leaders as well as the participants, have taken the lead. Some important leaders were, for example, Gaura Devi and Bachni Devi from the Chipko Movement, Amrita Devi from the Bishnoi Movement, Medha Patkar from the Narmada Bachao Movement, etc.
• Influence of Gandhi: The Gandhi idea of non-violence (ahimsa) and Satyagraha was often seen in all the movements.
• NGO Participation: The participation of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) in these movements is the most critical aspect of environmental movements in India. There can be a number of examples. The work of "Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal (DGSM)" was critical in the case of the famous Chipko movement.
• Not Exclusively Environmental Movements: These movements deal not only with the numerous environmental concerns but also with current environmental socio-economic problems.

Significance of Environmental Movements in Independent India:

• Creating Awareness: These movements have been instrumental in raising understanding of the importance of striking a balance between environment & development.
• Participation: These movements led to the organisation of model projects that demonstrate the road to non-bureaucratic & participatory Community natural resource management systems.
• Battle for Local Rights: For tribal rights , in particular, access to forest resources these movements are significant.
• Livelihood: Forest reserves provide local people with livelihoods. Environmental movements are necessary if their livelihood is to be protected and natural resources not to be used commercially.
• Environmental Health: these movements, which are the central concerns of Eco-restoration, play an important role in the prevention of land loss and cultural displacement.

Limited success: Few of the above-mentioned citizens movements succeeded. For the following reasons, many environmental movements in India have failed

1. Local Government is Weak: Local autonomy governments have low environmental decision-making capacity. Thus, local environmental movements have not been funded.
2. Lack of Information: Environmental movements sometimes does not work, since it lacks adequate information and technical data and thus they are not aware as to what demands are needed to be made
3. Lack of Coordination: The different kinds of environmental movements have no dialogue and little collaboration, and not least between environmental and other pro-people movements. Environmental struggles thus have no public support
4. Poor Law Support: The lack of support for environmental regulation, which does not require citizen involvement in environmental policy, is one of the main flaws in the environmental movement.

To conclude, many environmental grassroots movements were launched against developmental activities which endangered the ecological balance. These local efforts have always gained local mobilisation to deal with popular environmental, economic and other problems and have helped to avoid major environmental disasters.

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Answer 2

Environmental movements can be described as social, economic and political movements that aim at the conservation and protection of ecology and  natural environment. It favours the path of sustainable development.

Explanation:

• There are various environmental movements in India such as the Bishnoi movements, which took place state of Rajasthan was organized by the villagers with an aim to protect the sacred groves from being cut. Amrita Devi along with 363 Bishnoi tribal people sacrificed their lives and set forth the example of tree protection.

• Anther movement called as chipko movement started in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. The movement was organized by Sunder Lal Bahuguna who conveyed the importance of trees in the hilly states of the country. This movement leads to the ecological development of the region.

• Silent valley movement was another such movement that took place in the Palakkad district of Kerala. Being organized by KSSP and NGO, with aims to protect the evergreen forest from hydroelectric projects.

• Jungle Bachao Andolan (JBA) was another such movement that took place in India in the state of Bihar where the tribals and villagers marched against the government's decision to remove the sal forests with teak for commercial exploitation. This movement, later on, spread to Jharkhand and Orissa.

• Appiko Movement is another movement like the chipko movement and took place in the Shimoga district of Karnataka. Aimed to protect the forest from commercialization.

• Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was related to the protection of the Narmada river and to oppose the construction of the Sardar Sarovar dam. This movement included Baba Amte, Adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, etc. Thought this movement was not successful.

• Tehri dam movement was to stop the relocation of the tribal and local people due to the construction of the dam on the river but this movement also failed due to political pressure and weak support.

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