Question

Cyanobacteria has certain distinguishing characters as compared to other cryptogams. What are they. How these make it unique?

Answer 1

Cyanobacteria /saɪˌænoʊbækˈtɪəriə/, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum consisting of both free-living photosynthetic bacteria and the endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida autotrophic eukaryotes. The plastids are a sister group to the free-living Gloeomargarita. Cyanobacteria commonly obtain their energy through oxygenic photosynthesis.[4] The oxygen gas in the atmosphere of earth is produced by cyanobacteria of this phylum, either as free-living bacteria or as the endosymbiotic plastids.The name cyanobacteria comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός, romanized: kyanós, lit. 'blue').Cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotes, are also called "blue-green algae",though some modern botanists restrict the term algae to eukaryotes.Cyanobacteria appear to have originated in freshwater or a terrestrial environment.

Unlike heterotrophic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called thylakoids where photosynthesis is performed.

Phototrophic eukaryotes such as green plants perform photosynthesis in plastids that are thought to have their ancestry in cyanobacteria, acquired long ago via a process called endosymbiosis. These endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in eukaryotes then evolved and differentiated into specialized organelles such as chloroplasts, etioplasts and leucoplasts.

By producing and releasing oxygen (as a byproduct of photosynthesis), cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, causing the Great Oxygenation Event and the "rusting of the Earth",which dramatically changed the composition of the Earth's life forms and led to the near-extinction of anaerobic organisms.

Cyanobacteria produce a range of toxins known as cyanotoxins that can pose a danger to humans and animals.

The cyanobacteria Synechocystis and Cyanothece are important model organisms with potential applications in biotechnology for bioethanol production, food colorings, as a source of human and animal food, dietary supplements and raw materials.

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