Question

D. Short-answer questions:
1. What do you understand by the Lapse Rate?
2. How is oxygen helpful for us?
3. Why is the atmosphere very dense near the
surface of the Earth?
4. What happens when we move vertically
upwards from the Earth?
5. Why do mountaineers carry oxygen while
climbing high mountains?
6. Why do meteoroids burn upin the mesosphere?
7. How does the atmosphere help in radio
communication?
8. What is the importance of the troposphere?
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Answer 1

$\huge\underline\red{Answer}$

1. The Lapse Rate is the rate at which temperature changes with height in the Atmosphere. Lapse rate nomenclature is inver tosely related to the change itself: if the lapse rate is positive, the temperature decreases with height; conversely if negative, the temperature increases with height.
2. Oxygen fuels our cells and helps provide the basic building blocks that our bodies need to survive. ... Every day, about seven hundred billion cells in our bodies wear out and must be replaced. Without oxygen, our bodies cannot build these new cells. Oxygen is also a particularly important part of our immune system.
3. In the atmosphere, air molecules near the surface of the earth are held together more tightly than the molecules in a higher atmosphere because of the gravitational pull of the earth on all the molecules above the surface molecules.
4. As we move vertically upwards from the earth, the atmosphere becomes thinner, the temperature reduces and air pressure decreases.
5. It is because when they climb mountains, as altitude increases, the amount of oxygen level in the atmospheric air decreases as trees are not found at higher altitudes. The air pressure gets lower as the altitude increases.
6. The meteors will travel through the exosphere and thermosphere without much trouble due to the lack of air in those layers, but when they hit the middle layer, there are enough gases to cause friction and create heat to burn up in the Mesosphere.
7. Due to the ability of ionized atmospheric gases to refract high frequency (HF, or shortwave) radio waves, the ionosphere can reflect radio waves directed into the sky back toward the Earth. Radio waves directed at an angle into the sky can return to Earth beyond the horizon.
8. The water cycle also occurs in this layer of the atmosphere. The water cycle helps form clouds, which in form can help produce rain, sleet, snow and freezing rain. As you see, the troposphere is an important layer in Earth's Atmosphere, as it is the layer that we live in and the layer that gives us weather.

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Answer 2

$\huge\bf\underline\mathfrak\red{Answer :}$

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 1 \: :-}$

Lapse rate means variations which are observed in the temperature when we moves upward in the higher altitudes. Also, if the calculated lapse rate comes out to be positive, then there is a fall of temperature with the height, and if the lapse rate comes out to be negative, then increase in temperature with the height is observed.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 2 \: :-}$

Oxygen is useful to us in many ways. First of all it is chief element because of which respiration in human beings is possible. When the three atoms of oxygen gets combined in the high altitude, it forms ozone ( $O_3$ ) that helps to prevent the harmful ultraviolet rays of sun to enter in the earth's atmosphere. These rays can cause skin cancer to humans and other life forms.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 3 \: :-}$

First of all, the density of a particular surface is determined by the gravitational pull of the earth near that surface. Talking about the surface of the earth, the amount of air molecules is much greater and the binding force between these molecules is also considerably strong. But, in the case of higher altitudes, the force between the molecules in the surrounding is not that strong. Hence, atmosphere is very dense near the earth's surface.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 4 \: :-}$

Here, moving vertically upward from the earth means climbing up in the higher altitudes of the earth. As we move up in the area of high altitude, the atmosphere over there becomes thinner and thinner. The drastic fall of temperature is also observed in the higher altitudes. Along with that, the air pressure also gets decreased.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 5 \: :-}$

As we discussed in the above question, the air pressure gets decreases on moving up with the high altitudes. This means that as we move up in the mountains, the level of oxygen present in that atmosphere falls because of lack of tress and other vegetation. The air pressure also not enough to meet the requirements of a human being. Therefore, mountaineers carries oxygen when the climb up in the high mountains.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 6 \: :-}$

In order to enter the mesosphere, the meteorites comes across exosphere and thermosphere. When they enter these two layers, it becomes very difficult for meteorites to go across them as the oxygen level in these two levels is very less which does not supports the burning of meteorites. If the meteorites overcome these problems, it gets entered in the mesosphere. As we know that, there are particles and some amounts of gases that floats in the mesosphere, and when the meteorites enters the mesosphhere, it collides with the particles and gases, and because of friction between them, meteorites get destroyed completely.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 7 \: :-}$

There are some elements of atmosphere, ionosphere is one of them. When the radio waves enters the earth's atmosphere from a source in the space, some waves gets penetrated by the electrons which are present in the ionosphere, on the other hand, some waves reaches the observers on the ground. By this way, atmosphere helps in radio communication.

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀$\color{Black}\star\:\tt\ {Answer \: 8 \: :-}$

This layer has utter importance in many of the important processes that goes in earth. First of all, it initiates the functioning of water cycle, then all the weathers have their affect on the troposphere.