(d) Sir John Marshall
Shudras'
the following set.
(1) Who were the
subaltern History
(2) 'Stri-Purush Tulana' - Feminist writing
(3) 'The Indian War of Independence
1857' - Marxist History
(4) Grant Duff - Colonial History.
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in
Answers
Answer:Both Sri Lanka's ethnic Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority think of themselves as original, indigenous inhabitants of the island- an important prop to their political claims and counterclaims. But there is one group ofTamils who are relatively recent arrivals, and whose status has suffered accordingly. The first 10,000 "hill-country. Tamils". came to work in the island's nascent coffee plantations in 1827 as indentured labourers. They marched on foot through rough terrain to isolated camps in the jungle, which they then set about clearing. Many died. But the prospect of work in Sri Lanka's booming tea industry, along with famine, poverty and landlessness back in India, led many more to make the journey. Today the hill Tamils number almost Im, accounting for over 4% of Sri Lanka's population. They live mainly on or near tea estates in the mountainous interior of the-island, not in the north and east, home to most Sri Lankan Tamils.
That put them outside the homeland that Tamil separatists fought for during the lorrn civil war, and leaves them marginalised within the Tamil minority. They remain one of the country's poorest and most neglected groups. Until recently, many hill-country Tamils were not entitled to vote. Laws passed after Sri Lanka became independent from Britain in 1948 stripped them of citizenship. Subsequent repatriation agreements saw large numbers deported to India without their consent. Sri Lanka eventually granted citizenship to the rest, but only in stages. Some 300,000 were stateless until 2003-with an "X" on their identity cards to highlight their lowly status. The mean income among estate workers is a quarter less than that of other rural labourers. Some 11% of hill-country Tamils are poor, well above the national figure of 7%. More than half drop out of school by the age of 15. Only 2% pass any A-levels, exams tak~n at the age of 18, compared with 11% among other rural pupils.
Housing is another problem: 83% of Sri Lankans hved in their own houses in 2012, but only 22% of estate workers did. Two-thirds of the accommodation on plantations is in barrack- style "line-rooms" or sheds. These are not only rudimentary, their occupants' right to live in them is murky. But between 1980 and 2014 fewer than 1,000 houses a year were built on tea and rubber plantations, even though the area has Sri Lanka's highest ferti lity rate. Hill-country Tamils also suffer from higher rates of malnutrition. Fewer than half have access to safe drinking water. At a plantation near Hatton, a family of six crams into a single tiny room, built in the 1930s, with no running water and only a primitive, shared latrine. The oldest child, who is 16, h
Explanation: