Question

Debate on rural and urban migration leads to growth of slums.​

Answer 1

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Rural–urban migration results in a loss of human resources for rural areas. This labor loss has zero opportunity cost if labor is surplus in the villages (Lewis, 1954). That is, village households can send out migrants without suffering a loss in production, thus labor productivity increases.

Answer 2

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The rural–urban migration in developing countries has contributed to an increase in street vended, ready-to-eat, and convenience foods. Studies in developing countries have shown that up to 20–25% of the household food expenditure is incurred outside the home and some segments of the population depend entirely on street foods. As one of the consequences of rapid urbanization, millions of populations largely depend on street foods for their daily sustenance. In most developing countries, street food vendors are an important component of the food supply chain. Being reasonably priced and conveniently available, street food satisfies a vital need of the urban population. These ready-to-eat foods and beverages are prepared and/or sold by vendors or hawkers mainly in streets or other convenient public places such as around places of work, schools, hospitals, railway stations, and bus terminals. Food safety is major concern within the street foods supply chain. These foods are handled, prepared, and sold under unhygienic conditions with limited access to safe water, sanitary services, or garbage disposal facilities. Hence, street foods pose a high risk of food poisoning due to microbial contamination, improper use of food additives, adulteration, and environmental contamination.