define 2types of executive
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in executive outer executive
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1. Real and Nominal Executives:
In a parliamentary form of government, a definite distinction is made between the nominal and real executive. The chief executive or of the state may be hereditary monarch as the British King or Queen, or an elected President as in India, but he exercises only nominal powers. Legally he possesses all powers the constitution, but in practice he exercises none of them.
His position is titular. He serves as an emblem of national unity. He may at the most use his influence. The real executive power is enjoyed by the cabinet or the Council of Ministers. The real executive and titular executive are combined in a single office of the President in a presidential form government, as in the U. S. A.
2. Single and Plural:
Single executive is that in which executive authority is vested in one person. The President of the USA provides the best example of this type.
Council of Ministers or Cabinet in a parliamentary form of government falls under this category as it works like a team under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Where the executive authority is vested in a group of persons who share such authority it is known as plural or collective executive. The Federal Council of Switzerland consisting of seven members provides the best example of such executive. Almost all states have single executive except a few.
Single and plural executives have their respective merits and demerits. Single executive is prompt, vigorous and more powerful as authority is not divided. It works unitedly with singleness of purpose. It ensures complete secrecy. However, it may lead to abuse of power and corruption.
In a parliamentary form of government, a definite distinction is made between the nominal and real executive. The chief executive or of the state may be hereditary monarch as the British King or Queen, or an elected President as in India, but he exercises only nominal powers. Legally he possesses all powers the constitution, but in practice he exercises none of them.
His position is titular. He serves as an emblem of national unity. He may at the most use his influence. The real executive power is enjoyed by the cabinet or the Council of Ministers. The real executive and titular executive are combined in a single office of the President in a presidential form government, as in the U. S. A.
2. Single and Plural:
Single executive is that in which executive authority is vested in one person. The President of the USA provides the best example of this type.
Council of Ministers or Cabinet in a parliamentary form of government falls under this category as it works like a team under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Where the executive authority is vested in a group of persons who share such authority it is known as plural or collective executive. The Federal Council of Switzerland consisting of seven members provides the best example of such executive. Almost all states have single executive except a few.
Single and plural executives have their respective merits and demerits. Single executive is prompt, vigorous and more powerful as authority is not divided. It works unitedly with singleness of purpose. It ensures complete secrecy. However, it may lead to abuse of power and corruption.
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