define about Jahangir of their expasnion
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Answers
Explanation:
The Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangir are written in the form of annals, which give the main events of each year in chronological order. They are preserved in two forms: one set of copies, a first edition, comprises twelve years of the emperor’s reign; the other, which is extremely rare, carries the records through the eighteenth year. Having the nature both of a journal and an autobiography, these Memoirs are very valuable and are certainly interesting when taken as a whole, even if some of the detailed items and more special matters are, to some extent, lacking in attractiveness.
The character of the Memoirs in general proves Jahangir to have been a man of more than ordinary ability, and in spite of weaknesses and faults, which he acknowledges and puts on record with unusual candour, they leave on the mind a favourable impression of the emperor’s nature and his talents. The first extracts, as given below, relate to the beginning of Jahangir’s
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reign and to the Twelve Institutes which he ordained as regulations throughout his realm:–
On Thursday, the eighth of Jumada-s-sani, 1014 A.H. (Oct. 12, 1605 A.D.), I ascended the throne at Agra, in the thirty-eighth year of my age. The first order which I issued was for the setting up of a Chain of Justice, so that if the officers of the courts of justice should fail in the investigation of the complaints of the oppressed and in granting them redress, the injured persons might come to this chain and shake it, and thus give notice of their wrongs. I ordered that the chain should be made of pure gold and be thirty gaz long (about sixty feet), with sixty bells upon it. One end was firmly attached to a battlement of the fort of Agra, the other to a stone column on the bank of the river.
I established twelve ordinances, which were observed as the common rule of practice throughout my dominions:–
1. Prohibition of cesses. – I forbad the levy of duties under the names of tamgha (stamp-taxes) and mir-bahri (port-dues), together with all forms of taxes which the fief-holders of every province and division had been in the habit of exacting for their own benefit.
2. Regulation concerning highway robbery and theft. – In those roads which were the scenes of robbery and theft, and in those portions of road which were far from habitations, the fief-holders of the neighbourhood were required to build a shelter for travellers or a mosque, and were also commanded to sink a well to promote cultivation and to induce people to settle there. If these places were near lands belonging to the exchequer, the government officials were to carry out these provisions.
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3. Rights of merchants and of inheritance of property. – First, no one was to open the packages of merchants on the roads without their consent. Secondly, when any infidel or Mussulman died in any part of my dominions, his property and effects were to be allowed to descend by inheritance without interference from any one. When there was no heir, officers were to be appointed to take charge of the property and to expend it according to the law of Islam in building mosques and shelters for travellers, as well as in repairing broken bridges and also in digging tanks and sinking wells.
4. Of wine and all kinds of intoxicating liquors. – Wine and all sorts of intoxicating liquor were forbidden and might neither be made nor sold; although I myself have been accustomed to drink wine and from my eighteenth year to the present, which is the thirty-eighth year of my age, have regularly partaken of it. In early days, when I craved for drink, I sometimes took as many as twenty cups of double-distilled liquor. In course of time it seriously affected me and I set about reducing the quantity. In the period of seven years I brought it down to five or six cups. My times of drinking varied; sometimes I began when two or three hours of the day remained; and sometimes I took it at night and a little in the day. I kept this up until my thirtieth year, when I resolved to drink only at night, and at present I drink wine solely to promote the digestion of my food.
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5. Prohibition of seizing houses and of cutting off the noses and ears of criminals. – No one was permitted to take up his abode in the dwelling of another. I likewise issued an order prohibiting everyone from cutting off the noses or ears of criminals for any offence, and I made a vow to heaven that I would never inflict this punishment on any one.
6. Prohibition of taking the property of another without his consent. – Fief-holders and officers of lands belonging to the exchequer were forbidden to take the property of the peasants by force or to cul
Explanation:
Nuruddin Muhammad jahangir ( birth name was shahzada / prince Salim or seliem ) ( 20 September 1569 / 8 November 1627) was the fourth mughal emperor from 1605 to 1627. jahangir was the eldest son emperor Akbar the great. he was married to queen Nur jahan ( light of the world ) and was much under her influence.