Define current. Calculate the current flowing in a circuit when
1015 number of electrons passed in 5 minutes.
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current is the flow of electrons in a circuit
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Electric current is defined to be the rate at which charge flows. A large current, such as that used to start a truck engine, moves a large amount of charge in a small time, whereas a small current, such as that used to operate a hand-held calculator, moves a small amount of charge over a long period of time. In equation form, electric current I is defined to be
I
=
Δ
Q
Δ
t
,
where ΔQ is the amount of charge passing through a given area in time Δt. (As in previous chapters, initial time is often taken to be zero, in which case Δt = t.) (See Figure 1.) The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836). Since I = ΔQ/Δt, we see that an ampere is one coulomb per second:
1 A = 1 C/s
Not only are fuses and circuit breakers rated in amperes (or amps), so are many electrical appliances.
Charges are shown as small spheres moving through a section of a conducting wire. The direction of movement of charge is indicated by arrows along the length of the conductor toward the right. The cross-sectional area of the wire is labeled as A. The current is equal to the flow of charge.
Figure 1. The rate of flow of charge is current. An ampere is the flow of one coulomb through an area in one second.
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