Question

define dalton atomic theory and write postulates of dalton atomic theory ​

Answer 1

Dalton’s atomic theory proposed that all matter was composed of atoms, indivisible and indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an element were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size and mass.

Dalton’s atomic theory also stated that all compounds were composed of combinations of these atoms in defined ratios.

Dalton also postulated that chemical reactions resulted in the rearrangement of the reacting atoms.

Terms

atomic mass unitThe standard unit that is used for indicating mass of an atom.

atomThe smallest possible amount of matter that still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

History of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Although the concept of the atom dates back to the ideas of Democritus, the English meteorologist and chemist John Dalton formulated the first modern description of it as the fundamental building block of chemical structures. Dalton developed the law of multiple proportions (first presented in 1803) by studying and expanding upon the works of Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Proust.

Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1% tin and 11.9% oxygen or 78.7% tin and 21.3% oxygen (these were tin(II) oxide and tin dioxide respectively). Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5g or 27g of oxygen; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1:2. Dalton found an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry – in the case of Proust’s tin oxides, one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms.

Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions: for example, he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen. Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in the mass and complexity of the gases’ respective particles. Indeed, carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules (N2).

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Answer 2

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Matter has been one of the most important subjects of research for the science enthusiasts. Scientists and philosophers have always tried to simplify things. They wanted to know about the fundamental particles that make matter, their properties, structure etc. This led to the formulation of a number of atomic theories.

Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• The matter is made up of indivisible particles known as atoms.
• The properties of all the atoms of a given element are the same including mass. This can also be stated as all the atoms of an element have identical mass while the atoms of different elements have different masses.
• Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed. This implies that during chemical reactions, no atoms are created nor destroyed.
• The formation of new products (compounds) results from the rearrangement of existing atoms (reactants).
• Atoms of an element are identical in mass, size and many other chemical or physical properties, but atoms of two-different elements differ in mass, size, and many other chemical or physical properties.

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