define endoplasmic reticulum with thair functions
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large organelle made of membranous sheets and tubules that begin near the nucleus and extend across the cell. The entire structure can account for a large proportion of the endomembrane system of the cell. For instance, in cells such as liver hepatocytes that are specialized for protein secretion and detoxification, the ER can account for more than 50% of the total lipid bilayer of the cell. Similarly, the ER membrane system is particularly prominent in pancreatic beta cells that secrete insulin, or within activated B-lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
Its function :
The ER plays a number of roles within the cell, from protein synthesis and lipid metabolism to detoxification of the cell. Cisternae are commonly associated with lipid metabolism since they often create SER. They also appear to be important in maintaining the Ca2+ balance within the cell and in the interaction of the ER with mitochondria. This interaction also influences the aerobic status of the cell.
ER sheets appear to be crucial in the response of the organelle to stress, especially since cells alter their tubules:sheets ratio when the number of unfolded proteins increases. Occasionally, apoptosis is induced by the ER in response to an excess of unfolded protein within the cell. When ribosomes detach from ER sheets, these structures can disperse and form tubular cisternae.
Although ER sheets and tubules appear to have distinct functions, there isn’t a perfect delineation of roles. For instance, in mammals, tubules and sheets can interconvert. In yeast, ribosomes are found on ER tubules and mammalian ER cisternae can contain translocon proteins as well. The relationship between structure and function in the ER has not been completely elucidated.
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Its function :
The ER plays a number of roles within the cell, from protein synthesis and lipid metabolism to detoxification of the cell. Cisternae are commonly associated with lipid metabolism since they often create SER. They also appear to be important in maintaining the Ca2+ balance within the cell and in the interaction of the ER with mitochondria. This interaction also influences the aerobic status of the cell.
ER sheets appear to be crucial in the response of the organelle to stress, especially since cells alter their tubules:sheets ratio when the number of unfolded proteins increases. Occasionally, apoptosis is induced by the ER in response to an excess of unfolded protein within the cell. When ribosomes detach from ER sheets, these structures can disperse and form tubular cisternae.
Although ER sheets and tubules appear to have distinct functions, there isn’t a perfect delineation of roles. For instance, in mammals, tubules and sheets can interconvert. In yeast, ribosomes are found on ER tubules and mammalian ER cisternae can contain translocon proteins as well. The relationship between structure and function in the ER has not been completely elucidated.
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms. It is an interconnected network of flattened sacs or tubes encased in membranes. These membranes are continuous, joining with the outer membrane of the nuclear membrane. ER occurs in almost every type of eukaryotic cell except red blood cells and sperm cells.
Endoplasmic reticulum has two types, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. This type of ER is especially prominent in certain kinds of cells like hepatocytes where active protein synthesis occurs. Smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes and is very important to the process of metabolism.
Endoplasmic reticulum has a number of jobs within the cell. This includes the folding and transport of various proteins, specifically carrying them to the Golgi apparatus. Someother proteins, mostly the glycoproteins, move across the ER's membrane.
The ER is also responsible for marking these proteins that it transports with a signal sequence. Other proteins are headed outside the ER, so they are packed into transport vesicles and moved out of the cell via the cytoskeleton.
Basically, the ER is the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and its proteins are contained within it until they are needed to move.
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Endoplasmic reticulum has two types, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. This type of ER is especially prominent in certain kinds of cells like hepatocytes where active protein synthesis occurs. Smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes and is very important to the process of metabolism.
Endoplasmic reticulum has a number of jobs within the cell. This includes the folding and transport of various proteins, specifically carrying them to the Golgi apparatus. Someother proteins, mostly the glycoproteins, move across the ER's membrane.
The ER is also responsible for marking these proteins that it transports with a signal sequence. Other proteins are headed outside the ER, so they are packed into transport vesicles and moved out of the cell via the cytoskeleton.
Basically, the ER is the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and its proteins are contained within it until they are needed to move.
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