Define genetically modified crops ?show how they are made? explain the significance of genetically modified crops with example
Answers
A GM or transgenic crop is a plant that has a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
For example, a GM crop can contain a gene(s) that has been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring it through pollination.
The resulting plant is said to be “genetically modified” although in reality all crops have been “genetically modified” from their original wild state by domestication, selection, and controlled breeding over long periods of time.
GM crops are made through a process known as genetic engineering. Genes of commercial interest are transferred from one organism to another. Two primary methods currently exist for introducing transgenes into plant genomes.
The first involves a device called a ‘gene gun’. The DNA to be introduced into the plant cells is coated onto tiny particles of gold or tungsten. These particles are then physically shot onto plant cells and incorporated into the genomic DNA of the recipient plant. The second method uses a bacterium to introduce the gene(s) of interest into the plant DNA.
In the developed world, there is clear evidence that the use of GM crops has resulted in significant benefits. These include:
Higher crop yields
Reduced farm costs
Increased farm profit
Safer environment
More nutritious food
The “first generation” crops with traits such as insect resistance and herbicide tolerance have proven their ability to lower farm-level production costs.
The “second-generation” GM crops feature increased nutritional and/or industrial traits. These crops have more direct benefits to consumers. Examples of commercialized second generation crops include (ISAAA GM Approval Database):
Non-browning apples
Non-bruising and low acrylamide potatoes
Maize varieties with low phytic acid and increased essential amino acids
Healthier oils from soybean and canola
Other GM crops in the research and/or regulatory pipeline include:
Rice enriched with iron, vitamin A and E, and lysine
Potatoes with higher starch content, and inulin
Insect resistant eggplant
Edible vaccines in maize, banana, and potatoes
Allergen-free nuts
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