Question

Define geometrical isomerism with example

Answer 1

Definitions: Geometric Isomers. Geometric isomers are molecules that are locked into their spatial positions with respect to one another due to a double bond or a ring structure. For example, consider the following two molecules.

Answer 2

Hand two different kids a pile of eight identical Lego bricks and chances are they won't build exactly the same thing. Since they are starting with the same materials, the structures they build, assuming they use all the pieces, would count as isomers. In chemistry, two molecules are called isomers if they contain the same atoms, but are not the same. Geometric isomers are a special case where the atoms in each isomer are all connected in the same order, but the shape of the molecule is different.

Lego representation of geometric isomers

In the Lego example, if one child connects all eight in a straight line we will call A, and the other child connects all eight in a staircase pattern we will call B, the two structures would be geometric isomers. In both cases, the bricks are connected in the same way: red-red-white-white-red-red-white-white, with no branch points. But clearly the two have different overall shapes. Working with the same eight bricks, many other geometric isomers can be built, like C, D, E, and F. Notice how the order of the connections is always the same, but the three dimensional shape varies.

In chemistry, the two most common types of geometric isomers are those arising from a double bond and those arising from a ring structure. Note that geometric isomers are also called cis/trans isomers, and the terms can be used interchangeably. The Latin prefixes cis- and trans-indicate how the groups attached to the double bond are arranged in space with cis meaning same side and trans meaning opposite side.

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