define goal free summative methodology and goal free formative methodology of information system.
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Answer:
Goal-free evaluation (Often shortened to GFE) is any evaluation in which the evaluator conducts the evaluation without particular knowledge of or reference to stated or predetermined goals and objectives.[1][2] This external evaluation model typically consists of an independent evaluator who is intentionally screened from the program's stated goals and objectives in hopes of reducing potential goal-related tunnel vision.[3][4] According to Scriven,[5] the logic behind avoiding stated goals and objectives has to do with "finding out what the program is actually doing without being cued as to what it is trying to do.
Youker and Ingraham [7][8] summarize GFE's benefits which are based on:
Controlling goal
Uncovering side effects
Avoiding the rhetoric of “true” goals
Adapting to contextual/environmental changes
Aligning goals with actual program activities and outcomes
Supplementing goal-based evaluation (also known as objectives-based evaluation)