define hybridization and its type
Answers
Answer:
Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybridal orbits suitable for the paring of electrons to form chemical bonds.
Hybridisation
The formation of bonds is no less than the act of courtship. Atoms come closer, attract to each other and gradually lose a little part of themselves to the other atoms. In chemistry, the study of bonding, that is, Hybridization is of prime importance.
Scientist Pauling introduced the revolutionary concept of hybridization in the year 1931. He described it as the redistribution of the energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give new orbitals of equivalent energy and named the process as hybridisation. In this process, the new orbitals come into existence and named as the hybrid orbitals.
Rules for Calculating Hybridisation
The following rules are observed to understand the type of hybridisation in a compound or an ion.
1. Calculate the total number of valence electrons.
2. Calculate the number of duplex or octet OR
3. Number of lone pairs of electrons
4. Number of used orbital = Number of duplex or octet + Number of lone pairs of electrons
5. If there is no lone pair of electrons then the geometry of orbitals and molecule is different.
Types of Hybridisation
The following are the types of hybridisation:
1) sp – Hybridisation
In such hybridisation one s- and one p-orbital are mixed to form two sp – hybrid orbitals, having a linear structure with bond angle 180 degrees. For example in the formation of BeCl2, first be atom comes in excited state 2s12p1, then hybridized to form two sp – hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals overlap with the two p-orbitals of two chlorine atoms to form BeCl2
2) sp2 – Hybridisation
In such hybridisation one s- and tow p-orbitals are mixed form three sp2– hybrid orbitals, having a planar triangular structure with bond angle 120 degrees.
3) sp3 – Hybridisation
In such hybridisation one s- and three p-orbitals are mixed to form four sp3– hybrid orbitals having a tetrahedral structure with bond angle 109 degrees 28′, that is, 109.5 degrees.