define ionization and factors effecting it?
Answers
Answer:
Ionisation enthalpy: It is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom.
M(g) →M+(g) + e–I1 = First ionisation enthalpy
Similarly, second and third electrons are also removed by providing successive ionisation enthalpies.
Factors on which Ionisation Enthalpy Depends:
(i) Size of the atom: The larger the atomic size, smaller is the value of ionisation enthalpy. In a larger atom, the outer electrons are far away from the nucleus and thus force of attraction with which they are attracted by the nucleus is less and hence can be easily removed.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ 1/ Atomic size
(ii) Screening effect: Higher the screening effect, the lesser is the value of ionisation enthalpy as the screening effect reduces the force of attraction towards nucleus and hence the outer electrons can be easily removed.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ 1/ Screening effect
(iii) Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases among atoms having same number of energy shells, the ionisation enthalpy increases because the force of attraction towards nucleus increases.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ Nuclear charge
(iv) Half filled and fully filled orbitals: The atoms having half filled and fully filled orbitals are comparatively more stable, hence more energy is required to remove the electron from such atoms. The ionization enthalpy is rather higher than the expected value in case of such an atom.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ Stable electronic configuration
(v) Shape of orbital: The s-orbital is more close to nucleus than the p-orbital of the same orbit. Thus, it is easier to remove electron from a p-orbital in comparison to s-orbital. In general, the ionisation enthalpy follows the following order
(s>p> d>f) orbitals of the same orbit.
Variation of ionisation enthalpy in the periodic table
ln general, the ionisation energy decreases down the group due to increase in atomic size. On the other hand, the ionisation energy increases across the period from left to right, again due to decrease in atomic size from left to right.
Explanation:
i clearly tell that I have copypasted from somewhere
Answer:
ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ᴏʀ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴛʜᴀʟᴘʏ ᴏғ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ɪs ᴅᴇғɪɴᴇᴅ ᴀs
ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴍᴏᴜɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ʀᴇϙᴜɪʀᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀɴ ɪsᴏʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɢᴀsᴇᴏᴜs ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ᴛᴏ ʟᴏsᴇ ᴀɴ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴ ɪɴ ɪᴛs ɢʀᴏᴜɴᴅ sᴛᴀᴛᴇ.
ʟᴏsɪɴɢ ᴏғ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ʀᴇsᴜʟᴛs ɪɴ ᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ғᴏʀᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ.
ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅs ᴏɴ ᴛᴡᴏ ғᴀᴄᴛᴏʀs:
- ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴄᴇ ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴛʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs.
- ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴄᴇ ᴏғ ʀᴇᴘᴜʟsɪᴏɴ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs.
ᴛʜᴇ ᴇғғᴇᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ ғᴇʟᴛ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴜᴛᴇʀᴍᴏsᴛ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ᴡɪʟʟ ʙᴇ ʟᴇss ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴄᴛᴜᴀʟ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ. ᴛʜɪs ɪs ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴɴᴇʀ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ᴡɪʟʟ sʜɪᴇʟᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴜᴛᴇʀᴍᴏsᴛ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ʙʏ ʜɪɴᴅᴇʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀᴛʜ ᴏғ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ. ᴛʜɪs ᴇғғᴇᴄᴛ ɪs ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀs ᴛʜᴇ sʜɪᴇʟᴅɪɴɢ ᴇғғᴇᴄᴛ. ғᴏʀ ᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ, ɪɴ ɴᴀ, ᴛʜᴇ 3s1 ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ᴡɪʟʟ ʙᴇ sʜɪᴇʟᴅᴇᴅ ʙʏ ɪᴛs ᴄᴏʀᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs (1s2, 2s2 ᴀɴᴅ 2ᴘ6). ɢᴇɴᴇʀᴀʟʟʏ, ᴛʜᴇ sʜɪᴇʟᴅɪɴɢ ᴇғғᴇᴄᴛ ɪs ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴍɪɴᴇɴᴛ ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴɴᴇʀ ᴏʀʙɪᴛᴀʟs ᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴘʟᴇᴛᴇʟʏ ғɪʟʟᴇᴅ.
Ionization Energy Trend in the Periodic Table
ɢᴇɴᴇʀᴀʟ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅɪᴄ ᴛʀᴇɴᴅs:
ɪɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ, ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴍᴏᴠɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛᴏᴘ ᴛᴏ ʙᴏᴛᴛᴏᴍ ɪᴛ ᴅᴇᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs.
ɪɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ, ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴍᴏᴠɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛᴏᴘ ᴛᴏ ʙᴏᴛᴛᴏᴍ ɪᴛ ᴅᴇᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs.ɪᴛ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs ғʀᴏᴍ ʟᴇғᴛ ᴛᴏ ʀɪɢʜᴛ ᴀᴄʀᴏss ᴀ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ.
1. ᴛʀᴇɴᴅs ɪɴ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴛʜᴀʟᴘʏ ɪɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ:
ᴛʜᴇ ғɪʀsᴛ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴛʜᴀʟᴘʏ ᴏғ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ᴅᴇᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs ᴀs ᴡᴇ ᴍᴏᴠᴇ ᴅᴏᴡɴ ɪɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ. ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴍᴏᴠɪɴɢ ᴅᴏᴡɴ ɪɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ sʜᴇʟʟs ᴀʟsᴏ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs. ᴏᴜᴛᴇʀᴍᴏsᴛ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ᴀʀᴇ ғᴀʀ ᴀᴡᴀʏ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴜs ᴄᴀɴ ʙᴇ ʀᴇᴍᴏᴠᴇᴅ ᴇᴀsɪʟʏ. ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴄᴏɴᴅ ғᴀᴄᴛᴏʀ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅᴇᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ sʜɪᴇʟᴅɪɴɢ ᴇғғᴇᴄᴛ ᴅᴜᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴀɴ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsɪɴɢ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ sʜᴇʟʟs ᴀs ᴡᴇ ᴍᴏᴠᴇ ᴅᴏᴡɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ.
2. ᴛʀᴇɴᴅs ɪɴ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴛʜᴀʟᴘʏ ᴀᴄʀᴏss ᴀ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ:
ᴀs ᴡᴇ ᴍᴏᴠᴇ ғʀᴏᴍ ʟᴇғᴛ ᴛᴏ ʀɪɢʜᴛ ᴀᴄʀᴏss ᴀ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ, ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ᴏғ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs. ᴛʜɪs ɪs ᴅᴜᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ sɪᴢᴇ ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴏᴍs ᴀᴄʀᴏss ᴀ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴀʟᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ɢᴇᴛ ᴄʟᴏsᴇʀ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴏғ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ᴀs ᴡᴇ ᴍᴏᴠᴇ ғʀᴏᴍ ʟᴇғᴛ ᴛᴏ ʀɪɢʜᴛ ᴅᴜᴇ ᴛᴏ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ. ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴄᴇ ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴛʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ɪs ʀᴇϙᴜɪʀᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ʀᴇᴍᴏᴠᴇ ᴀɴ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴀʟᴇɴᴄᴇ sʜᴇʟʟ.