Define kinship and discuss its types in detail.
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Kinship: Meaning, Types and Other Details!
Kinship is one of the main organizing principles of society. It is one of the basic social institutions found in every society. This institution establishes relationships between individuals and groups. People in all societies are bound together by various kinds of bonds.
The most basic bonds are those based on marriage and reproduction. Kinship refers to these bonds, and all other relationships resulting from them. Thus, the institution of kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed thereof, based on blood relationships (consanguineal), or marriage (affinal).
There are different definitions of kinship. A few definitions are examined here.
‘The social relationships deriving from blood ties (real and supposed) and marriage are collectively referred to as kinship.’
‘Kinship is the socially recognized relationships between people in a culture, who are either held to be biologically related or given the status of relatives by marriage, adoption, or other rituals. Kinship is a broad-ranging term for all the relationships that people are born into or create later in life that are considered binding in the eyes of their society. Although customs vary as to which bonds are accorded more weight, their very acknowledgement defines individuals and roles that society expects them to play.
‘Kinship is the recognition of relationships between persons based on descent or marriage. If the relationship between one person and another is considered by them to involve descent, the two are consanguine (“blood”) relatives. If the relationship has been established through marriage, it is affinal.’
‘Kinship encompasses the norms, roles, institutions and cognitive processes referring to all the social relationships that people are born into, or create later in life, and that are expressed through, but not limited to a biological idiom.’
Types of Kinship:
In any society, kin relationships are based either on birth (blood relations), or marriage. These two aspects of human life are the basis for the two main types of kinship in society.
1. Consanguineal Kinships
It refers to the relationships based on blood, i.e., the relationship between parents and children, and between siblings are the most basic and universal kin relations.
2. Affinal Kinship:
It refers to the relationships formed on the basis of marriage. The most basic relationship that results from marriage is that between husband and wife.
Degree of Kinship:
Any relationship between two individuals is based on the degree of closeness or distance of that relationship. This closeness or distance of any relationship depends upon how individuals are related
Kinship basically has three degrees, which can be explained in the following ways
Primary Kinship:
Primary kinship refers to direct relations. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. There are basically eight primary kins—wife father son, father daughter mother son, wife; father son, father daughter, mother son, mother daughter
Primary kinship is of two kinds:
1. Primary Consanguineal Kinship:
Primary consanguineal kin are those kin, who are directly related to each other by birth. The relationships between parents and children and between siblings form primary kinship. These are the only primary consanguineal kin found in societies all over the world.
2. Primary Affinal Kinship:
Primary affinal kinship refers, to the direct relationship formed as a result of marriage. The only direct affinal kinship is the relationship between husband and wife.
Secondary Kinship:
Secondary kinship refers to the primary kin’s of primary kin. In other words, those who are directly related to primary kin (primary kin’s primary kin) become one’s secondary kin. There are 33 secondary kin.
Secondary kinship is also of two kinds:
Secondary Consanguineal kinship:
This type of kinship refers to the primary consanguineal kin’s primary consanguineal kin. The most basic type of secondary consanguineal kinship is the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren. In the Figure 3, there is a direct consanguineal relationship between Ego and his parents. For Ego, his parents are his primary consanguineal kin. However, for Ego’s parents, their parents are their primary consanguineal kin. Therefore, for Ego, his grandparents are his primary consanguineal kin’s (his parents) primary kin.
Secondary Affinal Kinship:
Secondary affinal kinship refers to one’s primary affinal kins primary kin. This kinship includes the relationships between an individual and all his/her sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law, and parents-in-law. For an individual, his/her spouse is his/her primary affinal kin, and for the spouse, his/her parents and siblings are his/her primary kin. Therefore, for the individual, the parents of brother/sister-in-law will become his/her secondary affinal kin.
Kinship is one of the main organizing principles of society. It is one of the basic social institutions found in every society. This institution establishes relationships between individuals and groups. People in all societies are bound together by various kinds of bonds.
The most basic bonds are those based on marriage and reproduction. Kinship refers to these bonds, and all other relationships resulting from them. Thus, the institution of kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed thereof, based on blood relationships (consanguineal), or marriage (affinal).
There are different definitions of kinship. A few definitions are examined here.
‘The social relationships deriving from blood ties (real and supposed) and marriage are collectively referred to as kinship.’
‘Kinship is the socially recognized relationships between people in a culture, who are either held to be biologically related or given the status of relatives by marriage, adoption, or other rituals. Kinship is a broad-ranging term for all the relationships that people are born into or create later in life that are considered binding in the eyes of their society. Although customs vary as to which bonds are accorded more weight, their very acknowledgement defines individuals and roles that society expects them to play.
‘Kinship is the recognition of relationships between persons based on descent or marriage. If the relationship between one person and another is considered by them to involve descent, the two are consanguine (“blood”) relatives. If the relationship has been established through marriage, it is affinal.’
‘Kinship encompasses the norms, roles, institutions and cognitive processes referring to all the social relationships that people are born into, or create later in life, and that are expressed through, but not limited to a biological idiom.’
Types of Kinship:
In any society, kin relationships are based either on birth (blood relations), or marriage. These two aspects of human life are the basis for the two main types of kinship in society.
1. Consanguineal Kinships
It refers to the relationships based on blood, i.e., the relationship between parents and children, and between siblings are the most basic and universal kin relations.
2. Affinal Kinship:
It refers to the relationships formed on the basis of marriage. The most basic relationship that results from marriage is that between husband and wife.
Degree of Kinship:
Any relationship between two individuals is based on the degree of closeness or distance of that relationship. This closeness or distance of any relationship depends upon how individuals are related
Kinship basically has three degrees, which can be explained in the following ways
Primary Kinship:
Primary kinship refers to direct relations. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. There are basically eight primary kins—wife father son, father daughter mother son, wife; father son, father daughter, mother son, mother daughter
Primary kinship is of two kinds:
1. Primary Consanguineal Kinship:
Primary consanguineal kin are those kin, who are directly related to each other by birth. The relationships between parents and children and between siblings form primary kinship. These are the only primary consanguineal kin found in societies all over the world.
2. Primary Affinal Kinship:
Primary affinal kinship refers, to the direct relationship formed as a result of marriage. The only direct affinal kinship is the relationship between husband and wife.
Secondary Kinship:
Secondary kinship refers to the primary kin’s of primary kin. In other words, those who are directly related to primary kin (primary kin’s primary kin) become one’s secondary kin. There are 33 secondary kin.
Secondary kinship is also of two kinds:
Secondary Consanguineal kinship:
This type of kinship refers to the primary consanguineal kin’s primary consanguineal kin. The most basic type of secondary consanguineal kinship is the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren. In the Figure 3, there is a direct consanguineal relationship between Ego and his parents. For Ego, his parents are his primary consanguineal kin. However, for Ego’s parents, their parents are their primary consanguineal kin. Therefore, for Ego, his grandparents are his primary consanguineal kin’s (his parents) primary kin.
Secondary Affinal Kinship:
Secondary affinal kinship refers to one’s primary affinal kins primary kin. This kinship includes the relationships between an individual and all his/her sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law, and parents-in-law. For an individual, his/her spouse is his/her primary affinal kin, and for the spouse, his/her parents and siblings are his/her primary kin. Therefore, for the individual, the parents of brother/sister-in-law will become his/her secondary affinal kin.
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Explanation:
Kinship is the most universal and basic of all human relationships and is based on ties of blood, marriage, or adoption. There are two basic kinds of kinship ties: Those based on blood that trace descent Those based on marriage, adoption, or other connections.
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