define meta phase?
and its type
Answers
Answer:
Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war." The chromosomes, which have been replicated and remain joined at a central point called the centromere, are called sister chromatids.
Prior to metaphase, protein formations called kinetochores formed around the centromere. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores. During metaphase, the kinetochore microtubules pull the sister chromatids back and forth until they align along the equator of the cell, called the equatorial plane. There is an important checkpoint in the middle of mitosis, called the metaphase checkpoint, during which the cell ensures that it is ready to divide. Once the cell has established that all of the chromosomes are properly aligned and that the kinetochores are correctly attached, the cell enters the fourth phase of mitosis, known as anaphase.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Metaphase is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase).[1] These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. Metaphase accounts for approximately 4% of the cell cycle's duration.[citation needed] Preceded by events in prometaphase and followed by anaphase, microtubules formed in prophase have already found and attached themselves to kinetochores in metaphase.
Metaphase in cells (here an animal cell) is characterized by the arrangement of chromosomes at the equatorial plane of the spindle
Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate. Two views with the metaphase plate rotated 60°.
Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids
In metaphase, the centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate (or equatorial plate),[2] an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two centrosome poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochore microtubules,[3] analogous to a tug-of-war between two people of equal strength, ending with the destruction of B cyclin.[4] In certain types of cells, chromosomes do not line up at the metaphase plate and instead move back and forth between the poles randomly, only roughly lining up along the middle line.[citation needed] Early events of metaphase can coincide with the later events of prometaphase, as chromosomes with connected kinetochores will start the events of metaphase individually before other chromosomes with unconnected kinetochores that are still lingering in the events of prometaphase.[citation needed]
One of the cell cycle checkpoints occurs during prometaphase and metaphase. Only after all chromosomes have become aligned at the metaphase plate, when every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules, does the cell enter anaphase. It is thought that unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate a signal to prevent premature progression to anaphase, even if most of the kinetochores have been attached and most of the chromosomes have been aligned. Such a signal creates the mitotic spindle checkpoint. This would be accomplished by regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex, securin, and separate.
Explanation:
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