define narration direct indirect????
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Definition of Indirect Speech
Indirect speech is also known as Reported Speech, Indirect Narration or Indirect Discourse. In grammar, when you report someone else’s statement in your own words without any change in the meaning of the statement is called indirect speech. Quoting a person’s words without using his own word and bringing about any change in the meaning of the statement is a reported speech. Look at the following sentences:
Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.
In the first sentence, the reporter conveys the message of the girl using her actual words i.e., “I am a little bit nervous.” In the second sentence, the reporter conveys her message but in his own words without any change in the meaning. Thus, both direct and indirect speeches are two different ways of reporting a statement of person. In simple words, quoting a person using your own words is called an indirect speech.
Key Terminology
During the process, you will come across many important terms that you need to know better so that to convert any direct speech into indirect speech easily and without any hassle. Consider the following sentences:
Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.
Reporting Speech:
The first part in the direct speech is called REPORTING SPEECH.
Reported Speech:
The second part of the sentence, which is closed in inverted commas, is called REPORTED SPEECH.
Reporting Verb:
Verb of the reporting speech is called REPORTING VERB.
Basic Rules
Before proceeding ahead, it is mandatory to memorize these rules:
Changes in Person of Pronouns:
1st Person Pronouns in Reported Speech are always changed according to the SUBJECT of the Reporting Speech.
2nd Person Pronouns in Reported Speech are always changed according to the OBJECT of the Reporting Speech.
3rd Person Pronouns in Reported Speech are not changed.
Changes in Verbs:
In case, the Reporting Speech is in PRESENT TENSE or FUTURE TENSE, then no change is required to be made in the VERB of Reported Speech. This verb could be in any tense i.e., Present, Past or Future. For example:
Direct Speech: He says, “I am ill.”
Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill.
Direct Speech: She says, “She sang a song.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she sang a song.
Direct Speech: You say, “I shall visit London.”
Indirect Speech: You say that you will visit London.
Direct Speech: They said, “They take exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they took exercise every day.
Present Continuous is changed into Past Continuous Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They are taking exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they were taking exercise every day.
Present Perfect is changed into Past Perfect Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have taken exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have been taking exercise since morning.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise since morning.
Past Indefinite is changed into Past Perfect Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They took exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
Past Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They were taking exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise.
No changes are required to be made into Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses.
Direct Speech: They said, “They had taken exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
In Future Tense, while no changes are made except SHALL and WILL are changed into WOULD.
Direct Speech: They said, “They will take exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they would take exercise.
Examples:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
I said to her, “When do you do your homework?”
I asked her when she did her homework.
We said to him, “Are you ill?”
We asked him if he was ill.
You said to me, “Have you read the article?”
You asked me if I had read the article.
He said to her, “Will you go to the Peshawar Radio Station?”
He asked her if she would go to the Peshawar Radio Station.
She says, “Who is he?”
She says who he was.
Rashid says to me, “Why have you got late?”
Rashid says to me why I had got late.
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Answer:
Direct speech describes when something is being repeated exactly as it was – usually in between a pair of inverted commas. For example:
She told me, “I’ll come home by 10pm.”
Indirect speech will still share the same information – but instead of expressing someone’s comments or speech by directly repeating them, it involves reporting or describing what was said. An obvious difference is that with indirect speech, you won’t use inverted commas. For example:
She said to me that she would come home by 10pm.