Define Solid, liquid, gas
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Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter adapts to the shape of its container but varies only slightly in volume; and gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy the volume and shape of its container.
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A solid is a state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. The constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much closer than the particles in a gas or liquid. The reason a solid has a rigid shape is that the atoms or molecules are tightly connected via chemical bonds. The bonding may produce either a regular lattice (as seen in ice, metals, and crystals) or an amorphous shape (as seen in glass or amorphous carbon). A solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with liquids, gases, and plasma.
The matter with a defined shape and volume is solid. There are many examples:
A brick
A penny
A piece of wood
A chunk of aluminum metal (or any metal at room temperature except mercury)
Diamond (and most other crystals)
The different types of chemical bonds that join the particles in solids exert characteristic forces that can be used to classify solids. Ionic bonds (e.g. in table salt or NaCl) are strong bonds that often result in crystalline structures that may dissociate to form ions in water. Covalent bonds (e.g., in sugar or sucrose) involve the sharing of valence electrons. Electrons in metals seem to flow because of metallic bonding. Organic compounds often contain covalent bonds and interactions between separate portions of the molecule due to van der Waals forces.
A liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. Liquids consist of atoms or molecules that are connected by intermolecular bonds.
At room temperature, examples of liquids include water, mercury, vegetable oil, ethanol. Mercury is the only metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature, although francium, cesium, gallium, and rubidium liquefy at slightly elevated temperatures. Aside from mercury, the only liquid element at room temperature is bromine. The most abundant liquid on Earth is water.
While the chemical composition of liquids may be very different from each other, the state of matter is characterized by certain properties:
Liquids are nearly incompressible fluids. In other words, even under pressure, their value only decreases slightly.
The density of a liquid is affected by pressure, but generally, the change in density is small. The density of a liquid sample is fairly constant throughout. The density of a liquid is higher than that of its gas and usually lower than that of its solid form.
Liquids, like gases, take the shape of their container. However, a liquid cannot disperse to fill a container (which is a property of a gas).
Liquids have surface tension, which leads to wetting.
Although liquids are common on Earth, this state of matter is relatively rare in the universe because liquids only exist over a narrow temperature and pressure range. Most matter consists of gases and plasma.
Particles in a liquid have greater freedom of movement than in a solid.
When two liquids are placed into the same container, they may either mix (be miscible) or not (be immiscible). Examples of two miscible liquids are water and ethanol. Oil and water are immiscible liquids.
A gas is defined as a state of matter consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solids, liquids, and plasma. Under ordinary conditions, the gas state is between the liquid and plasma states. A gas may consist of atoms of one element (e.g., H2, Ar) or of compounds (e.g., HCl, CO2) or mixtures (e.g., air, natural gas).
Whether or not a substance is a gas depends on its temperature and pressure. Examples of gases at standard temperature and pressure include:
air (a mixture of gases)
chlorine at room temperature and pressure
ozone
oxygen
hydrogen
water vapor or steam
List of the Elemental Gases
There are 11 elemental gases (12 if you count ozone). Five are homonuclear molecules, while six are monatomic:
H2 - hydrogen
N2 - nitrogen
O2 - oxygen (plus O3 is ozone)
F2 - fluorine
Cl2 - chlorine
He - helium
Ne - neon
Ar - argon
Kr - krypton
Xe - xenon
Rn - radon
Particles in a gas are widely separated from each other. At low temperature and ordinary pressure, they resemble an "ideal gas" in which the interaction between the particles is negligible and collisions between them are completely elastic. At higher pressures, intermolecular bonds between gas particles have a greater effect on the properties. Because of the space between atoms or molecules, most gases are transparent. A few are faintly colored, such as chlorine and fluorine. Gases tend not to react as much as other states of matter to electric and gravitational fields. Compared with liquids and solids, gases have low viscosity and low density.
The matter with a defined shape and volume is solid. There are many examples:
A brick
A penny
A piece of wood
A chunk of aluminum metal (or any metal at room temperature except mercury)
Diamond (and most other crystals)
The different types of chemical bonds that join the particles in solids exert characteristic forces that can be used to classify solids. Ionic bonds (e.g. in table salt or NaCl) are strong bonds that often result in crystalline structures that may dissociate to form ions in water. Covalent bonds (e.g., in sugar or sucrose) involve the sharing of valence electrons. Electrons in metals seem to flow because of metallic bonding. Organic compounds often contain covalent bonds and interactions between separate portions of the molecule due to van der Waals forces.
A liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. Liquids consist of atoms or molecules that are connected by intermolecular bonds.
At room temperature, examples of liquids include water, mercury, vegetable oil, ethanol. Mercury is the only metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature, although francium, cesium, gallium, and rubidium liquefy at slightly elevated temperatures. Aside from mercury, the only liquid element at room temperature is bromine. The most abundant liquid on Earth is water.
While the chemical composition of liquids may be very different from each other, the state of matter is characterized by certain properties:
Liquids are nearly incompressible fluids. In other words, even under pressure, their value only decreases slightly.
The density of a liquid is affected by pressure, but generally, the change in density is small. The density of a liquid sample is fairly constant throughout. The density of a liquid is higher than that of its gas and usually lower than that of its solid form.
Liquids, like gases, take the shape of their container. However, a liquid cannot disperse to fill a container (which is a property of a gas).
Liquids have surface tension, which leads to wetting.
Although liquids are common on Earth, this state of matter is relatively rare in the universe because liquids only exist over a narrow temperature and pressure range. Most matter consists of gases and plasma.
Particles in a liquid have greater freedom of movement than in a solid.
When two liquids are placed into the same container, they may either mix (be miscible) or not (be immiscible). Examples of two miscible liquids are water and ethanol. Oil and water are immiscible liquids.
A gas is defined as a state of matter consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solids, liquids, and plasma. Under ordinary conditions, the gas state is between the liquid and plasma states. A gas may consist of atoms of one element (e.g., H2, Ar) or of compounds (e.g., HCl, CO2) or mixtures (e.g., air, natural gas).
Whether or not a substance is a gas depends on its temperature and pressure. Examples of gases at standard temperature and pressure include:
air (a mixture of gases)
chlorine at room temperature and pressure
ozone
oxygen
hydrogen
water vapor or steam
List of the Elemental Gases
There are 11 elemental gases (12 if you count ozone). Five are homonuclear molecules, while six are monatomic:
H2 - hydrogen
N2 - nitrogen
O2 - oxygen (plus O3 is ozone)
F2 - fluorine
Cl2 - chlorine
He - helium
Ne - neon
Ar - argon
Kr - krypton
Xe - xenon
Rn - radon
Particles in a gas are widely separated from each other. At low temperature and ordinary pressure, they resemble an "ideal gas" in which the interaction between the particles is negligible and collisions between them are completely elastic. At higher pressures, intermolecular bonds between gas particles have a greater effect on the properties. Because of the space between atoms or molecules, most gases are transparent. A few are faintly colored, such as chlorine and fluorine. Gases tend not to react as much as other states of matter to electric and gravitational fields. Compared with liquids and solids, gases have low viscosity and low density.
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