Question

Define the characteristics of resolution, magnification and numerical aperture.

Answer 1

Resolution ⇒ 
Resolution is the capability of the measuring instruments to detects and clearly indicates the changes in the final result of the Measurements. 

In Computers, Resolutions means the numbers of the Pixels present on the monitor which used to express the numbers of the pixels on the horizontal axis and the numbers of the Pixels on the vertical axis.

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Magnification ⇒
The ratio of the Height of the Image to the Height of the object is called as the Magnification.
Also, the Ratio of the Image distance from the mirror or the lens  to the object distance is called as the Magnification. 
If the Magnification is positive then it means that the Image is Magnified. If the magnification is negative then it means that the size of the image is less than that of the object. 

Magnification = H₁/H₀ 

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Numerical Aperture ⇒ It is the Dimensionless numbers in the Optics, It characterizes the range of the angles over which Optical system can accept or emit light.It is commonly represented by the symbol NA. It is commonly used in the study of the microscopy and also used in the study of the fiber Optics. 

In Fiber Optics, Numerical Aperture used to describe the angle of angles within which light that is incident on the fiber will be transmitted along it.

In Microscopy study , it is used to describe the acceptance cone of an objective. 
 

Hope it helps.

Answer 2

Resolution - It refers to the number of pixels on a display monitor on which we are viewing. It is an indicator of how sharp and clear an image is.

Magnification - Magnification refers to zooming into a particular segment and enlarging it. Magnifying an image disturbs its resolution.

Numerical aperture - It is a dimensionless number which signifies a range of angles over which an optical system can accept and emit light. It is described using f-number.